Forty-seventh Generation  

131942469079040. Sigimberus I Bishop Of AUVERGNE-[80229],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Clodion "Le Chevelu" King Of FRANCE -[79605] and Basina Princess Of The THURINGIANS -[80169], was born about 419 in , , Westphalia, Germany. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-4B.

General Notes: 1 _UID AD5B357CF8086649BEBA8D7F7E5CE04CF2C3

Sigimberus married Miss TONANTIUS -[80445] [MRIN:44708] in , , , Germany ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 35B09B6C144C9E439909D4413509EBC0CD1A

Children from this marriage were:

                      i.   Munderic De MOSELLE -[80217] was born about 469 in , , Moselle, Austrasia. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-FV.

                     ii.   Sigimer Ii, De MOSELLE -[80307] was born about 467 in , , Moselle, Austrasia. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-DP.

65971234539520      iii.   Ferreolus, Duke Of MOSELLE -[79606] (born about 465 in Of, Moselle, Austrasia, France)

131942469079041. Miss TONANTIUS-[80445],^3,8,9,16,31 daughter of Ferreolus TONANTIUS -[79871] and Miss AVITUS -[80124], was born about 429 in Of, Rome, Rome, Italy. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-BC.

General Notes: 1 _UID C20FB3D42F013A489F4979A408058841E51B

Miss married Sigimberus I Bishop Of AUVERGNE -[80229] [MRIN:44708] in , , , Germany ^3,8,9.^,31

131942469079044. Clotaire I "The Old" King Of FRANCE-[80336],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Clovis I "The Great" King FRANCE -[80423] and Clotilde Queen Of FRANCE -[80043], was born about 497 in Reims, Neustria,died on 23 Nov 561 in Braines, , France,at age 64, and was buried in Abbaye DE St Mbedard, Soissons, France. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-XG.

General Notes: 1 _UID 6D97EF7A1300434496AF775AC5539F9E72C1

The married Unknown -[80421] [MRIN:44715] in 517 in , , , France ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID A228C2B032DA884B80A7ECA439FF6C5BD10E

Children from this marriage were:

                      i.   Gonthier (Gunther) Prince Of FRANCE -[80051] was born about 519 in , , , France and died before 561 before age 43. Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-HC.

                     ii.   Childeric Prince Of FRANCE -[80417] was born about 519 in , , , France and died in (Young). Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-JJ.

65971234539522      iii.   Charibert I King Of PARIS -[79623] (born in 520 in Of, Paris, France - died on 7 May 570, buried in Abbaye DE St Vincent, Paris, France)

                     iv.   Gontran King Of ORLEANS -[80041] was born in 525 in Of, Orlbeans, France,died on 28 Mar 592 in , , , France,at age 67, and was buried in Abbaye DE St Marcel, Chalon, France. Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-LV.

                      v.   Sigebert I King Of METZ -[80113] was born about 535 in Of, Metz, Neustria and died from about 575 to 579 in Of, Metz, Neustria at age 40. Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-M2.

                     vi.   Clododinde Queen Of The LOMBARDS -[80416] was born about 530 in Of, , , France. Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-N7.

131942469079045. Unknown -[80421] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born from about 499 to 502 in , , , Thuringia. Ancestral File Number: 9GBL-G6.

General Notes: 1 _UID 1F35263EADD78740A75310D69DF49D3344EC

Unknown married Clotaire I "The Old" King Of FRANCE -[80336] [MRIN:44715] in 517 in , , , France ^3,8,9.^,31

131942469148672. Ceawlin, King Of WESSEX-[80605],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Cynric King Of WESSEX -[80606] and Mrs-Cynric Queen Of WESSEX -[80607], was born about 547 in Of, , Wessex, England and died about 591 at age 44. Ancestral File Number: G70F-N6.

General Notes: 1 _UID 354D8629F7AB3D49AAFC8F700BD70DCDBA72

Ceawlin, married Mrs-Ceawlin, Queen Of WESSEX -[80613] [MRIN:44952] in , , Wessex, England ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 1B317B24ACE30C44B8268955C4ABA565FF33

The child from this marriage was:

65971234574336        i.   Cuthwine Prince Of WESSEX -[80608] (born about 564 in , , Wessex, England)

131942469148673. Mrs-Ceawlin, Queen Of WESSEX-[80613] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born about 548 in Of, , Wessex, England. Ancestral File Number: G70F-SV.

General Notes: 1 _UID E8A2894B00B38C4B992283CF292AD9F314B1

Mrs-Ceawlin, married Ceawlin, King Of WESSEX -[80605] [MRIN:44952] in , , Wessex, England ^3,8,9.^,31

131942470392832. Chrodobertus (Robert) I-[77604] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born about 640 in Neustria. Ancestral File Number: 1RGT-QF0.

General Notes: 1 _UID DEC933E237FC404DB3199D80F1EDC2EAEFF6

Chrodobertus married ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 254EEC9DC24BC44EB09BBF80AD6E18BB931A

The child from this marriage was:

65971235196416        i.   Chrodobertus (Robert) I -[77602] (born about 665 in Neustria)

131942470647808. Jokull FROSTASSON-[77724],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Frosti KARASSON KING IN KVENLAND -[77728] and Mrs-Frosti KARASSON -[77727], was born about 240 in Of, , , Finland. Ancestral File Number: 18JX-66C.

General Notes: 1 _UID 5D9F647C11FE4747877DA67EDE4D0921F66F

Jokull married Mrs-Jokull FROSTASSON -[77733] [MRIN:44064] about 274 in Of, , , Finland ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID EB0BF65060C8B64DAE19DAD48555D435BF11

The child from this marriage was:

65971235323904        i.   Snaer (Svaer) JOKULSSON KING IN KVENLAND -[77729] (born about 275 in , , , Finland)

131942470647809. Mrs-Jokull FROSTASSON-[77733] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born about 244 in Of, , , Finland. Ancestral File Number: 18JX-67K.

General Notes: 1 _UID A8F2BCCB1818454799DAC5BF2BBAD5DE6C17

Mrs-Jokull married Jokull FROSTASSON -[77724] [MRIN:44064] about 274 in Of, , , Finland ^3,8,9.^,31

131942470648320. Onund "Braut" INGVARSSON KING IN SWEDEN-[77770],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Ingvar "The Tall" EYSTEINSSON KING IN SWEDEN -[77768] and Mrs-Ingvar EYSTEINSSON -[77769], was born about 638 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: FLHH-1G.

General Notes: 1 _UID FA984B1AC757F94B8563BC7BD994A2EC735E

Braut married Mrs-Onund "Braut" INGVARSSON -[77776] [MRIN:44085] about 659 in Of, , , Sweden ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 95DC27E627098F43AE83B92D82C4BCCA63FE

The child from this marriage was:

65971235324160        i.   Ingjald "Braut" "The Wicked" ONUNDSSON KING IN SWEDEN -[77772] (born about 660 in , , , Sweden)

131942470648321. Mrs-Onund "Braut" INGVARSSON-[77776] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born about 643 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: FLHH-2M.

General Notes: 1 _UID 118A53B8C1E12C4E8F30B6C95754973375E7

Braut married Onund "Braut" INGVARSSON KING IN SWEDEN -[77770] [MRIN:44085] about 659 in Of, , , Sweden ^3,8,9.^,31

131942470648322. Algaut GAUTREKSSON-[77779],^3,8,9,16,31 son of Gautrek GAUTSSON -[77781] and Mrs-Gautrek GAUTSSON -[77782], was born about 639 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: FLHH-3S.

General Notes: 1 _UID 4D6025470C89D94392E94BB2E0961718E70C

Algaut married Mrs-Algaut GAUTREKSSON -[77780] [MRIN:44079] about 663 in Of, , , Sweden ^3,8,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 387621571A3E404A8C2B8FF3E5E4BE945C95

The child from this marriage was:

65971235324161        i.   Gauthild ALGAUTSDOTTER -[77757] (born about 664 in , , , Sweden)

131942470648323. Mrs-Algaut GAUTREKSSON-[77780] ^3,8,9,16,31 was born about 644 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: FLHH-40.

General Notes: 1 _UID 27BB058E35D26243A36EFBB433E3E24E2799

Mrs-Algaut married Algaut GAUTREKSSON -[77779] [MRIN:44079] about 663 in Of, , , Sweden ^3,8,9.^,31

131995440250880. Elidir Ap Cenfarch OER-[53609],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Cenfarch Oer Ap MEIRCHION GUL -[57669] and Nevyn Verch BRYCCAN -[57670].

Elidir married Gwar Of ULSTER -[57668] [MRIN:32138] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125440        i.   Llywarch Hen Ap ELIDIR Prince -[53620] (died about 600 in Bala, Wales)

131995440250881. Gwar Of ULSTER-[57668] ^3,8,9,24.^,32

Gwar married Elidir Ap Cenfarch OER -[53609] [MRIN:32138] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995440250888. Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN-[54045],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Edeyrn (Eternus) Ap PADARN -[54034], was born in 386 in Cardigan, Wales and died in 414 in North Wales ³² at age 28.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1750, 1751; AF; History of Morgan Family.
History: Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of thefamily.
K: Cunnedda Guoledic, King of Manau, Guotodin, North Britain.
AF calls him Duke of the Britains.
****** Gwriad....m. Eithyllt, dau of Cynan (d.816) ap Rhodri Molwynog (d. 754) ap Idwal ap Cadwaladr (d. 664),great-grandson of Maelgwn Gwynedd, the "Island Dragon" of Gildas'sChronicle (d. 547), great-grandson of Cunedda Wledig (the Ruler).Cunedda, named in 7th and 10th century pedigrees, where he is styled "apEydern (Eternus) ap Padarn Beisrudd (Paternus of the Red Robe) ap Tegid(Tacitus)" was apparently a Romanised Brythonic Christian chieftain,whose title and territorial origins suggest the Dux Britanniarium orofficer in charge of Hadrian's Wall. He, too, was from the North, anddrove the Scots (i.e. the Irish) from Gwynedd, ca. 429. His namesurvives in Alit Cunedda (Cunedda's Hill) near Kidwelly. [Source 1]

"According to the ninth-century Welsh historian Nennius in his"Historia Brittonum," about the year 400 A.D. a band of Scots led byCunedda Wledig and his eight sons moved into northern Wales as the RomanLegions withdrew to expel invaders from Ireland who had settled in thearea. He established the Royal Dynasty of Gwynedd and consolidated theKingdom of Wales. Over the next several centuries the Scots married intothe remaining Irish and local Welsh populations and established most ofthe Welsh dynasties, including the Morgans."
"The kingdom was divided into a number of smaller kingdoms by theheirs of Cunedda Wledig. He married Gwawl, who was the daughter of CoelHen, the granddaughter of Tehvant, and the great-granddaughter of Urban.They had sons Gwen, the grandfather of King Arthur, and Einion Yrth.(The present-day area of Wales called Cardigan is named for CuneddaWledig)." [Source 2]

Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of the family.

SOURCES:
1. Burke, Sir Bernard, C.B., LL.D., Ulster King of Arms. _LandedGentry_
(entry for Powell), page 577.
2. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_.

Cunedda married Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG -[54079] [MRIN:32337] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

65997720125444        i.   Gwen Ap CUNEDDA -[54006]

65997852115808       ii.   Einion Yrth Ap CUNEDDA Prince -[54088] (born in Of, Caer Einion, Montgomery, Wales - died in 483)

                    iii.   Ceredig Ap CUNEDDA -[57808] died on an unknown date.

131995440250889. Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG-[54079],^3,8,9,24,32 daughter of Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT -[54068] and Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON -[57676], was born in 388.

Gwawl married Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN -[54045] [MRIN:32337] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995440251136. Beli Ap Rhun HIR King Of Gwynedd-[54131],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Rhun Hir Ap MAELGWYN King Of Gwynedd -[54120] and Perwyr Verch Rhun RYFEDDFAW -[57805], died in 599 ³² .

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1749; History of Morgan Family.
History: Beli ap Rhun, King of Gwynedd. Died 599.
K: Beli ap Rhun, King of Wales. Died about 590.

SOURCES:
1. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_.

Clark: Beli ap Rhun Hir, King of Gwynedd.

SOURCES:
1. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_.

Beli married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125568        i.   Iago (Jacob) Ap BELI King Of Gwynedd -[54140]

131995440251144. Cynewald King Of MERCIA-[28382],^3,8,9,24 son of CNEBBA -[28383], died.

Cynewald married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125572        i.   Creoda Of MERCIA -[57946] (born about 540 in Mercia, England - died about 593)

131995440251168. Hoel II Fychan King Of The BRETONS-[59574],^3,8,9,24 son of Hoel I Mawr King Of The BRETONS -[59576] and St. Alma Pompea Of The DUMNONII -[56985], was born about 522 and died in 547 at age 25.

Hoel married Rimo Verch MAELGWYN -[59575] [MRIN:34888] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125584        i.   Alain I King Of The BRETONS -[59573] (born in 545 - died about 560)

131995440251169. Rimo Verch MAELGWYN-[59575],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Maelgwyn Ap CADWALLON King Of Gwynedd -[41709] and Gwallwen Verch AFALLACH -[57806], was born about 528.

Rimo married Hoel II Fychan King Of The BRETONS -[59574] [MRIN:34888] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995440251172. Qwithur DE LEON D'ACQS-[40494],^3,8,9,24 son of Alienor -[40495], died.

Qwithur married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125586        i.   Ausoch -[40493] (died)

131995440251392. Cyngen Glodrydd Ap CADELL DDYRNLL-[57860],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Cadell Ddyrnllug Ap CATEYRN -[57841], was born about 440 in Powys, Wales and died.

Cyngen married Tudglid Verch BRYCHAN -[57846] [MRIN:34206] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125696        i.   Brochwel Ysgithrog Ap Cyngen GLODRYD -[57836]

131995440251393. Tudglid Verch BRYCHAN-[57846],^3,8,9,24,32 daughter of Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc -[28441] and Prawst Verch TUDWAL -[33057], was born about 450 in Brycheiniog, Breconshire, Wales and died.

Tudglid married Cyngen Glodrydd Ap CADELL DDYRNLL -[57860] [MRIN:34206] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995440251394. Pabo Post Prydyn Ap CENEU-[57840],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Ceneu (Cynan) Ap Coel GODEBOG -[53578].

Pabo married N.N. -[57845] [MRIN:34203] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125697        i.   Arddwn Benasgell Verch Pabo PRYDYN -[57829]

131995440251395. N.N. -[57845] ^3,8,9,24.^,32

N.N. married Pabo Post Prydyn Ap CENEU -[57840] [MRIN:34203] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995440251904. Usai Ap CEREDIG-[57813],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Ceredig Ap CUNEDDA -[57808] and Meleri Verch BRYCHAN -[57819], was born in 453 and died on an unknown date.

Usai married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720125952        i.   Serwyl Ap USAI -[57811] (born in 490 - died on an unknown date)

131995440255488. Arthwr Ap PEDR King Of Dyfed-[49621],^3,8,9,24 son of Pedr Ap CYNGAR King Of Dyfed -[57624], was born about 585.

General Notes: 1 NAME Arthur Ap /Pedr/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import:Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 570 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

SOURCES:
1. Bartrum, Peter C. _Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400_. University ofWales
Press, 1978; page 20 (Dyfed).

Arthwr married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720127744        i.   Nowy Hen "The Old" King Of DYFED -[49611] (born about 605)

131995440255492. Idwallon Ap LLYWARCH King Of Brycheiniog-[49548],^3,8,9,24 son of Llywarch Ap RIGENEW King Of Brycheiniog -[49549], was born about 560.

Idwallon married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997720127746        i.   Rhiwallon Ap IDWALLON King Of Brycheiniog -[49547] (born about 600 - died)

131995452050688. Erik "Fraekni" SKJOLDSSON-[28149],^3,8,9,24 son of Skold SKELFISSON -[28150], was born about 544 in Norway and died.

Fraekni married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997726025344        i.   Airek EIRIKSSON -[28148] (born about 580 in Hordalland, Norway - died)

131995704231424. Ceretic Guletic (Wledig) Of STRATHCLYDE-[28608],^3,8,9,24 son of CYNLOYP -[28609], was born in 385 and died.

Ceretic married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995704231472. CYNLOYP -[28609],^3,8,9,24 son of Cinhil Quintillus Ap CLUIM -[28610], was born in 355 and died.

CYNLOYP married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852115736        i.   Ceretic Guletic (Wledig) Of STRATHCLYDE -[28608] (born in 385 - died)

131995704231552. Ingui Of SCANDINAVIA-[41718],^3,8,9,24 son of Aloc Of SCANDINAVIA -[41719], was born in 380 and died.

Ingui married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852115776        i.   Esa Of SCANDINAVIA -[41717] (born in 420 - died)

131995704231616. Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN-[54045],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Edeyrn (Eternus) Ap PADARN -[54034], was born in 386 in Cardigan, Wales and died in 414 in North Wales ³² at age 28.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1750, 1751; AF; History of Morgan Family.
History: Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of thefamily.
K: Cunnedda Guoledic, King of Manau, Guotodin, North Britain.
AF calls him Duke of the Britains.
****** Gwriad....m. Eithyllt, dau of Cynan (d.816) ap Rhodri Molwynog (d. 754) ap Idwal ap Cadwaladr (d. 664),great-grandson of Maelgwn Gwynedd, the "Island Dragon" of Gildas'sChronicle (d. 547), great-grandson of Cunedda Wledig (the Ruler).Cunedda, named in 7th and 10th century pedigrees, where he is styled "apEydern (Eternus) ap Padarn Beisrudd (Paternus of the Red Robe) ap Tegid(Tacitus)" was apparently a Romanised Brythonic Christian chieftain,whose title and territorial origins suggest the Dux Britanniarium orofficer in charge of Hadrian's Wall. He, too, was from the North, anddrove the Scots (i.e. the Irish) from Gwynedd, ca. 429. His namesurvives in Alit Cunedda (Cunedda's Hill) near Kidwelly. [Source 1]

"According to the ninth-century Welsh historian Nennius in his"Historia Brittonum," about the year 400 A.D. a band of Scots led byCunedda Wledig and his eight sons moved into northern Wales as the RomanLegions withdrew to expel invaders from Ireland who had settled in thearea. He established the Royal Dynasty of Gwynedd and consolidated theKingdom of Wales. Over the next several centuries the Scots married intothe remaining Irish and local Welsh populations and established most ofthe Welsh dynasties, including the Morgans."
"The kingdom was divided into a number of smaller kingdoms by theheirs of Cunedda Wledig. He married Gwawl, who was the daughter of CoelHen, the granddaughter of Tehvant, and the great-granddaughter of Urban.They had sons Gwen, the grandfather of King Arthur, and Einion Yrth.(The present-day area of Wales called Cardigan is named for CuneddaWledig)." [Source 2]

Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of the family.

SOURCES:
1. Burke, Sir Bernard, C.B., LL.D., Ulster King of Arms. _LandedGentry_
(entry for Powell), page 577.
2. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_.

Cunedda married Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG -[54079] [MRIN:32337] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995704231617. Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG-[54079],^3,8,9,24,32 daughter of Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT -[54068] and Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON -[57676], was born in 388.

Gwawl married Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN -[54045] [MRIN:32337] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995704231618. Tithlym (Tidlet) PRYDYN-[57839] ^3,8,9,24.^,32

Tithlym married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852115809        i.   Prawst Verch Tithlym PRYDYN -[57807]

131995704231620. Dylan Draws -[41738] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 393.

Dylan married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852115810        i.   Maeldaf Ap DYLAN DRAWS -[57844] (born about 423)

131995704231622. Tallwch Ap CWCH-[41736],^3,8,9,24 son of Cwch CYCHWEIN -[41737], died.

Tallwch married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852115811        i.   N. N. Verch TALLWCH -[57828]

131995704500224. Cynric King Of WESSEX-[31096],^3,8,9,24 son of Crioda Prince Of WESSEX -[31106], was born about 525 ³² and died in 560 ³² at age 35.

General Notes: 1 NAME Cynric of /Wessex/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: A. Roots 1-3; RC 233; Kings and Queens of Britain by DavidWilliamson; Kirby; Kraentzler 1664; Kings, Queens, Bones and Bastards byDavid Hilliam.
Roots: Cynric, son of Cerdic, was king of the West Saxons, 534-560."A.D. 552. This year Cynric fought with the Britons on the spot that iscalled Sarum, and put them to Flight...556. This year Cynric and Ceawlinfought...at Beranbury." (ASC 534, 538, 552, 560, 854).
RC: Cynric, King of the West Saxons, 534-560.
K: Cynric, King of Wessex.
Hilliam: Cynric, King of Wessex, reigned 534-560.

Cynric married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852250112        i.   Ceawlin King Of WESSEX King, W. Saxons -[56871] (born about 547 in Wessex, England - died in 591)

131995705213184. Fridlief III King Of DENMARK-[28068],^3,8,9,24 son of Halfdan King Of DENMARK -[28069], was born in 422 and died on an unknown date.

Fridlief married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606592        i.   Frode IV King Of DENMARK -[28067] (born in 450 - died on an unknown date)

131995705213216. Godeguslus King Of The VANDALS-[50583],^3,8,9,24 son of Radigaisus King Of The VANDALS -[50588] and CELLA -[50589], was born about 370.

Godeguslus married FLORA -[50576] [MRIN:18981] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705213217. FLORA -[50576] ^3,8,9.^,24

FLORA married Godeguslus King Of The VANDALS -[50583] [MRIN:18981] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705213220. Flavius Arcadius Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE-[27746],^3,8,9,24 son of Theodosius I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[48745] and Aelia Flavia FLACILLA -[27336], was born in 377 and died on 1 May 408 at age 31.

General Notes: 1 NAME Arcadius Emperor of /Constantinople/ 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 401


Introduction and Early Life The ineffectual life and reign of FlaviusArcadius are of considerably less importance than the quite significantdevelopments that occurred during his reign. Born either in 377 or 378 tothen general Theodosius and Aelia Flavia Flacilla, he and his youngerbrother, Honorius, ruled the eastern and western halves of the RomanEmpire respectively from 395.

Shortly after his birth, his father was raised to the imperial purple in379. Events in Illyricum with the massive influx of Ostrogothic andVisigothic peoples had resulted in the defeat of the Roman army and thedeath of the emperor, Valens. Theodosius' first task was to confront theVisigoths who had been ravaging the Balkans. Perhaps in the wake of thisdifficult and almost insurmountable task, the emperor wanted to insurethat his infant son would bear some legitimacy should he die on campaign.Whatever the reason, Arcadius was proclaimed Augustus in January of 383at the age of five or six. In the following year, his younger brother wasborn and it seems as if Theodosius initially had been interested inpreserving the theoretical position of his elder son. While Arcadiusenjoyed the status of Augustus, Honorius only achieved the office ofconsul posterior in 386. Perhaps the eastern emperor had wanted to avoidthe possible conflicts that arose earlier in the century with the familyof Constantine. Recent events in the west with the assassination ofGratian by Magnus Maximus may have also played a part: Theodosiusinitially had to leave the murder of his imperial colleague unavenged andleave the boy- emperor, Valentinian II, largely undefended. The profusionof emperors may well have been seen by Theodosius as kindling for civilwar. His own autocratic tendencies may have also meant that he saw onlyone possible successor for himself.

Nevertheless, Theodosius gave Arcadius very little independence in earlylife. When he went to campaign against Magnus in the late 380's, heplaced his son under the Praetorian Prefect of the East, Tatian, who wasthe de facto emperor in Theodosius' absence. This began a long series ofregencies for Arcadius. The strength of Tatian's position with theeastern governing class made the office of Praetorian Prefect all themore powerful in Constantinople, which in turn made it easier to dominatefuture emperors. When Theodosius replaced Tatian with the more malleableand more ambitious Rufinus in 392, he had appointed a minister who wouldcentralize even greater authority under the prefecture.

By 393, the emperor's situation had changed radically. When events in thewest demanded his attention again, Theodosius was in a much strongerposition. The ascendancy of the general, Arbogast, and his own puppetemperor, Eugenius, in the west provided Theodosius an opportunity and,indeed, the obligation to take full control of the Empire. The chance forhaving his own two sons ruling both halves of Rome not only seemedpractical and feasible, but such an arrangement would establish himselfas the head of a new dynasty. With thoughts in that direction, Honoriuswas made Augustus in 393 and accompanied his father west in the summer of394. Arcadius, although near his majority, was nevertheless placed againunder the guardianship (epitropos) of the Prefect of the East. In Januaryof 395, Theodosius the Great died and his two sons took theoreticalcontrol of the two halves of the Roman Empire.

Early Reign and the Dominance of Rufinus and Eutropius (395-399) Arcadiuswas eighteen when he assumed the throne in the east. We do not knowwhether or not he was ready for the responsibilities. During themid-380's, the young emperor had been educated in part by Themistius, afamous pagan statesman, philosopher, and speaker. In what way he affectedArcadius is impossible to say, but surely his teachings must haveincluded statecraft. Perhaps because of this influence, the new emperor'sattempt to establish himself as an independent force can be seen in aseries of laws passed at his accession. In contrast to trying to create amilitary image for himself, which would not be allowed either by Rufinusor by the eastern court, he attempted to portray himself as a piousChristian emperor. He enacted several comprehensive laws against heresyand paganism.

This was not necessarily an ineffectual strategy. By celebrating hisreligious piety, he expressed his power in the only way available to anemperor largely controlled by his ministers. He also perhaps sought togain support and power from the local governing and religious hierarchiesin Constantinople. Arcadius also perhaps thought that he was carrying onin the tradition of his father and so, by extension, might share in someof his glory. Rufinus in contrast wanted to tie himself to the emperorthrough a marriage connection to his daughter. But in April of 395,Arcadius had taken advantage of the Prefect's temporary absence to marryAelia Eudoxia, whose guardian, the general, Promotus, had been a bitterenemy of Rufinus. Arcadius had been aided in this move by his own grandchamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), Eutropius, and it perhapsindicated the degree to which he wanted to be free of any regent.

But in reality, Arcadius gained little if any power. Rufinus assumed fullcontrol of the east, and the Vandal Stilicho, Theodosius' closest advisorand general, took control of Honorius in the west. The tension betweeneast and west quickly grew when Stilicho, in command of all the easternand western armies, tried to press his guardianship over Arcadius aswell. Moreover, there was considerable resentment against Rufinus in theeast for using his office to greatly enrich himself and perhaps, too,because he was a westerner. Rufinus, understanding the perils around him,acted quickly. He had Arcadius demand the return of the eastern armies atonce. Stilicho acquiesced, perhaps because the general was basing hisclaim of guardianship on his own legitimacy: to have taken control of theeast and Arcadius by force would have undermined his position there andperhaps in the west. The soldiers returned under the command of theGothic general, Gainas. With the control of the field army, it seemed asif Rufinus was going to be more thoroughly in control of the east andover Arcadius.

He did not long enjoy his victory. When Arcadius and Rufinus came togreet the armies at Hebdoman near Constantinople in November of 395, thesoldiers turned on the Praetorian Prefect and cut him down in front ofthe emperor. Whether Stilicho instigated the assassination is a matter ofsome debate, but if he did, he received no benefit from it. The armiesremained and Arcadius soon fell under the sway of other ministers.Nevertheless, despite the shock and fear Arcadius may have felt atwitnessing such a brutal murder, he probably missed Rufinus' presence notat all and even thought it might provide an opportunity to assert his ownauthority. For the bureaucracy, the death meant that maintaining civiliancontrol over the army was paramount to their own survival.

Soon thereafter, Eutropius assumed Rufinus' place in dominating Arcadius.Since the grand chamberlain could control access to the emperor andcommanded the powerful palace bureaucracy, he was well-placed to dictatewhat and whom the emperor saw and heard. Military officers--frequentlyGermanic--who dominated the western government, were held suspect byfearful and jealous civil administrators in Constantinople. Eutropiusused that fear to his advantage and froze out any access they may havehad to the circles of power. His decision to effectively eliminate themilitary's input in decision-making would eventually lead to his demise.

It is difficult to determine how popular Eutropius was either withArcadius or with the wider population. As a eunuch and a former slave,the sources generally portray him very negatively. He nevertheless seemsto have enjoyed some support from the emperor, likely aided by Eudoxiawith whom the grand chamberlain had close ties. The emperor happily tookannual vacations in Galatia, apparently upon the Eutropius' suggestion.Moreover, the chamberlain showed great personal courage and talent inleading a campaign against invading Huns in 397/8, for which he won theconsulship and the rank of patrician in the following year of 399. Healso seems to have gained considerable support from the local clergy byprocuring the patriarchate of Constantinople in 398 for John Chrysostom.

Despite Eutropius' rise to power, however, eastern policy changed little.The religious policies of Theodosius and Arcadius continued, includingthe forced closure of pagan temples in Gaza. More significantly, tensionbetween the two halves of the empire persisted as Stilicho continued topress for his position as guardian. Although Stilicho led periodic raidsinto Greece and Thrace to attack the new Visigothic king, Alaric, hisvictories were incomplete and were more likely meant to keep the Germanicpeople out of western territory. This meant, among other things, that theVisigoths were an enduring problem for the east. Eutropius in turnsupported the revolt of the Count Gildo in Africa, which was underwestern control, in an attempt to destabilize Stilicho's control andfurther eastern domains.

The failure of the revolt in 398 was the first step in Eutropius'downfall. The decision to exclude the military men of the period,particularly among the growing importance of Germanic officers, created adangerous situation. By 399, the dissatisfaction with east-west affairsand the Gildo fiasco resulted in a revolt by the Gothic count, Tribigild.He was apparently in collusion with Gainas, who had taken advantage ofthe crisis to be named chief general in the east (magister utriusquemilitiae). Gainas quickly reached an agreement with the rebel and part ofthe settlement was the dismissal of Eutropius, to which Arcadius--atEudoxia's urging--agreed. The chamberlain took refuge in the HagiaSophia, and was exiled to Cyprus. But shortly thereafter, in the autumnof 399, Eutropius was recalled, tried and executed in Chalcedon.

The Age of Eudoxia (400-404) The death of Eutropius precipitated aserious crisis. Gainas, who had wanted high office for years, now triedto force the hand of Arcadius. Having come to a quick resolution withTribigild, he moved from Thrace towards Constantinople in 400. With theGermanic troops supporting him, Gainas tried for six months to initiatehis own primacy-- including seizing the imperial palace--but whichfailed. He was forced to withdraw personally from the city to regroup andplanned to use his troops remaining there to seize the entire city. Butthey were slaughtered by the inhabitiants and he fled first to Thrace andthen to Asia. Eventually Gainas was killed by the Huns later in thatyear. His attempted coup ensured that Germanic officers would never againbe trusted by the eastern government and would forever be kept out of anyimportant decision-making roles.

The likely successor to Eutropius had been the anti-Germanic leader,Aurelianus, who had succeeded to the Prefecture of the East in 399. ButGainas had exiled him, having forced Arcadius to hand him over, andalthough Aurelianus returned triumphantly after Gainas' departure, heappears to have lost his hold over the emperor. In the meantime, AeliaEudoxia had done much to forward her own place in the government. InJanuary of 400, she had been named Augusta, a singular distinctionoffered to only three other women in the previous century. Her positionthus gained a semi-official legitimacy afforded to very few Romanempresses. It has been assumed that because of her beauty, herintelligence, and her fecundity (she bore Arcadius five children), shewas able to assert her influence to a point where she was the new powerbehind the throne.

That assessment, while held by many scholars, is not entirely accurate.While there were several events in which she played a crucial part, theywere not terribly important moments during Arcadius' reign. But becauseEudoxia was enormously wealthy, because she delivered a male heir in 401,and because she was involved in a highly publicized and drawn outpolitical fight with John Chrysostom, this belief that there was anassumption of power is based more on the notoriety of her acts than onactual control. The fact that there was no one clearly dominating thegovernment nor the emperor during this time implies perhaps that Arcadiushad more power during these five years of his reign than at any othertime.

There are several indications that he did try to improve and assert hisown position. The emperor and his court immediately came to someunderstanding with the west. The east at the very least gave Honorius andStilicho moral support in their increasing problems with Alaric. In 402,the feeling of goodwill was sealed by a joint consulship between Arcadiusand his brother. The emperor also sought to establish his own militaryprowess and Christian piety with the erection of a column set up in theHippodrome of Constantinople in 402/3. The column depicted his militaryvictory over Gainas, crowned with a capital emblazoned with the Greekletters chi-rho, symbolizing his devotion to Christ. Arcadius' son,Theodosius II, was born in 401, and was quickly made Augustus at the ageof eight months. The eastern ruler was thus interested in assuring hisown dynasty.

In all these things, the emperor was largely successful, but they werelargely overshadowed by the feud between his empress and the bishop ofConstantinople. Eudoxia had already shown herself able in pushing herinterests during the baptism of her son. The Bishop of Constantinople,however, was a much tougher opponent than her husband. John Chrysostom, astrong believer in social justice, had boorishly attacked Eudoxia andmany of her friends for the conspicuous luxury in which they lived anddisplayed themselves. At the height of these attacks, John compared theempress to Jezebel. Eudoxia in turn used her considerable influence toinflame hostility among the clergy against the bishop. Working throughBishop Theophilus of Alexandria, in 403 Chrysostom was deposed and forcedinto exile at a Church council convened by the emperor (the Synod of theOak at Chalcedon). However, there was soon such turmoil and uproar in theimperial city that the bishop was recalled a few days later. But thepublic feuding between Eudoxia and Chrysostom continued until at last shehad him banished again in 404, this time permanently. Among other things,it caused a breach between Arcadius and his brother, who had, with PopeInnocent I, tried to support Chrysostom.

Eudoxia's victory was short-lived, however. In October of 404, theAugusta died of a miscarriage. Her death was seen by some as retributionfor dismissing John. Whatever the reason, her end also signaled acomplete retreat into the background by the emperor and no furtherinitiatives seem to have been pushed by the 27-year-old Augustus.

The Final Years: Anthemius and Death (404-408) The last years ofArcadius' reign were completely dominated by his Praetorian Prefect ofthe East, Anthemius. It was perhaps fitting that when the emperor seemsto have been most retiring, the most able and energetic of his highministers came to power. Anthemius worked hard to solve a series ofgovernmental abuses, continue to push for Christianization, and securethe east from attack.

Anthemius first seems to have tried to reconcile with the west, so muchso that there was a joint consulship between Anthemius and Stilicho in405. This might have also been meant to symbolize the Prefect's newdominance, however. Additionally, a number of new laws were passed,curtailing paganism, Judaism and heresy. He tried to make use of thecontinuing problem of incoming Germanic peoples to combat the Isauriantribes which had been plaguing Asia Minor since 403. While it failed tohalt either group's incursions, it was nevertheless a practical andintelligent strategy. As a means of protecting the imperial capital,Anthemius also strengthened the walls around Constantinople. Our recordsfor the last years of Arcadius' rule are quite spotty, but the emperorhimself seems to have completely vanished, even symbolically, from thepolitical scene.

In May of 408, Flavius Arcadius died at the age of 31 of unknown causes.Our only physical description of Arcadius is heavily influenced by thegenerally low regard in which he was held. The emperor was supposedlyshort, thin and dark-complected. A more kindly correspondent describedhim as good-natured and temperate. His son succeeded him without anycontroversy and the government remained unchanged. Arcadius thus left theworld much as he entered it: without much significance and overshadowedby more powerful forces.

Assessment Despite the ineffectual nature of Arcadius and his rule, anumber of significant changes occurred during his stewardship of theeastern empire. His inability to forcefully or at least effectivelygovern meant that there were few consistent or long-range goals of hisadministration. With the exception of trying to emphasize the emperor'spiety, an important development in the history of the Byzantine monarchy,Arcadius and his ministers were for the most part simply reacting toevents.

The emperor became an even more remote figure to the general public. Evenin the capital city itself, he was rarely seen: we read in one accountthat people came running to see the emperor for the first time when hehappened to be praying in a local church. A series of "orientalizing"court practices no doubt continued in order to emphasize the symbolicseparation of the emperor from the rest of society. The hieratic, almostsemi- divine nature of the imperial person, also became a feature of theeastern ruler.

Perhaps of greatest importance was the political and cultural splitbetween east and west. With the death of Theodosius, the two halves ofthe Roman Empire increasingly went their separate ways. For the mostpart, the west was thrown back upon its own resources, unable to dealwith the problems of the fifth century. The east proved more compact andmore resilient: it largely weathered the political storms from withoutand within.

Moreover, Constantinople fully became the imperial capital of the east, aRoma nova. The emperor rarely left the city and the palace officialsbecame more influential than many of the more theoretically importantministers outside the city. Constantinople was also made anarchepiscopate and Chrysostom and others started to push strongly for itsprimacy in the east. Both public and private building projects beautifiedand enlarged the city. Under Arcadius' reign, it truly became the secondcity of the Roman Empire.

Finally, the hard stance against Germanic officers in Roman governmentbecame a central feature in the east. While the reasons for thisdevelopment were inspired largely out of fear and perhaps racism, theeastern Roman Empire did manage to avoid the largely detrimentalsuccession of Germanic generalissimos who controlled the west in thefifth century. It also encouraged the eastern rulers in the followingcentury to take hard lines against other peoples, including theIsaurians, the Huns and the Persians. Taken in all, the era of Arcadiuswas far more important than Arcadius himself. He perhaps had his father'spretensions, but none of the skills or powers necessary to leave his markon the Empire.

Sources and Bibliography There are a number of sources that treat the ageof Arcadius. The historians Zosimus (New History), Socrates(Ecclesiastical History) and Sozomon (Ecclesiastical History) offer themost complete accounts. Additionally, Bishop Synesius of Cyrene inletters and other works (On the Kingship and On Providence) specificallyaddresses a number of the problems and issues going on in Constantinopleand the imperial court at that time. The letters and homilies of JohnChrysostom are also of enormous value and tell us more about the socialhistory of the capital than any other source. Minor accounts include theChronicon Paschale and the Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. Severalimportant saints' lives, including the Life of Porphyry, provide valuableinformation about events outside the capital. Finally, for the militaryand political organization of the Roman Empire, the Notitia Dignitatumoffers a static look at the early fifth century.

Cameron, Alan, and Long, Jacqueline (1993) Barbarians and Politics at theCourt of Arcadius (Berkeley).

Demougeot, Emilienne (1951), De l'unité‚ … la division de l'empireromain, 395-410: Essai sur la government impérial (Paris).

Holum, Kenneth (1982), Theodosian Empresses (Berkeley).

Jones, A.H.M. et al. (1970), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 1 (Cambridge).

Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1991), Barbarians and Bishops. Army, Church, andState in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford).

Martindale, J.R. (1980), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 2 (Cambridge).

Seeck, Otto (1896), "Arcadius," in RE, v. 2 (Berlin), 1137-53.

Van Ommeslaeghe, F. (1979) "Jean Chrysostome en conflit avecl'impératrice Eudoxie," Analecta Bollandiana 97, 131-59.

Copyright (C) 1998, Geoffrey S. Nathan. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Flavius married Aelia EUDOXIA -[27745] [MRIN:15183] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

                      i.   St., Aelia PULCHERIA Augusta -[27744] was born from 19 Jan 398 to 399 in Constantinople and died in 453 at age 55.

65997852606610       ii.   Theodosius II Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE -[50666] (born about 401 - died in 450)

131995705213221. Aelia EUDOXIA-[27745],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Bauto Of The FRANKS -[31415], was born about 380 and died on 6 Oct 404 at age 24.

General Notes: 1 NAME Aelia /Eudoxia/


The marriage (April 27, 395) of Arcadius toEudoxia was arranged byArcadius' corrupt minister, the eunuch Eutropius, who had supported thematch in order to undercut theposition of a political rival. But Eudoxiacame to resent being dominated by Eutropius, and in 399 she helped bringabout his downfall. The period of Eudoxia's most decisive influenceoverher ineffectual husband dates from her designation as augusta onJan.9, 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople, who attacked her andthe frivolity of her court in outspoken terms. In 404 sheexpelled himfrom his see and sent him into exile. Shortly afterward Eudoxia diedfrom a miscarriage. But she had borneArcadius four daughters and a son,who became the emperor Theodosius II (reigned 408-450). One of thedaughters, Pulcheria, was regent for Theodosius II for several years.

Aelia married Flavius Arcadius Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE -[27746] [MRIN:15183] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705213222. Leontius Of ATHENS-[27130] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 375 in Athens and died.

Leontius married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606611        i.   Eudocia Of ATHENS -[50667] (born in 401 in Athens - died in 460 in Jerusalem)

131995705213224. Constantius (Flavius Julius Constantius) II Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE-[50669],^3,8,9,24 son of Constantine I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[50671] and Flavia Maxima FAUSTA -[50672], was born on 7 Aug 317 in Atles and died on 3 Nov 361 in Aquilea, Italy at age 44.

General Notes: 1 NAME Flavius Julius /Contantius/ 1 NAME Constantius II of /Rome/ 2SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATEABT. 315 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1DEAT 2 DATE 360 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17,2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Universal Standard Encyclopedia; Kraentzler 1794, AF.
Universal: Became Emperor of the East upon his father's death andEmperor of the entire Roman Empire after his brother, Constaus, waskilled. In 355 he appointed his cousin Julian as Caesar who succeeded himas emperor.

Constantius married Faustina Of ROME -[50670] [MRIN:30696] ^3,8,9.^,24 Faustina was born about 341 in Atles and died.

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606612        i.   Constantius III Emperor Of The ROME -[50665] (born about 360 - died in 421)

Constantius next married Eusebia Major -[57744] [MRIN:30697] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606612        i.   Constantius III Emperor Of The ROME -[50665] (born about 360 - died in 421)

131995705213225. Eusebia Major -[57744] ^3,8,9,24,32 died ³² .

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Kraentzler 1669.
K. has a problem here. Has her married to both C. the Great and hisson. Will go with marriage to son, which he has twice.

Eusebia married Constantius (Flavius Julius Constantius) II Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE -[50669] [MRIN:30697] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705213232. Radigaisus King Of The VANDALS-[50588],^3,8,9,24 son of Miecislaus Of The VANDALS King Of Heruli -[50590], was born about 350 in Eastern Hungary and died about 405 at age 55.

Radigaisus married CELLA -[50589] [MRIN:30652] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606616        i.   Godeguslus King Of The VANDALS -[50583] (born about 370)

131995705213233. CELLA -[50589] ^3,8,9.^,24

CELLA married Radigaisus King Of The VANDALS -[50588] [MRIN:30652] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705213240. Wandalar King Of The OSTROGOTHS-[48838],^3,8,9,24 son of Winithar King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[48847], was born in 375 and died in 459 at age 84.

Wandalar married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852606620        i.   Theudemer King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[48828] (born in 400 - died in 474)

131995705215488. Norr THURASSON-[43087],^3,8,9,24 son of Thorri SNAERSSON -[43088], was born in 345 in Raumsdahl, Norway and died.

Norr married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852607744        i.   Raum "The Old" NORSSON -[43086] (born in 370 in Ogdum, Raumsdahl, Norway - died)

131995705548800. KingClodion Of Salic Franks-[5605],^3,8,9,34 son of Theodemir -[5760] and Blesinde -[5762], was born in 398 and died in 448 at age 50.

Clodion married Ildegonde-Of-Cologne -[5606] [MRIN:2190] ^3,8,9.^,34

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852774400        i.   King, Chlodebaud Of Cologne -[5600] (born about 430 - died in 483)

131995705548801. Ildegonde-Of-Cologne -[5606] ^3,8,9,34 was born in 399.

Ildegonde-Of-Cologne married King, Clodion Of Salic Franks -[5605] [MRIN:2190] ^3,8,9.^,34

131995705550336. Theodon I Duke Of BAVARIA-[57306],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Theodon Of BAVARIA -[33489], was born about 450 ³² and died in 537 ³² at age 87.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 262; AF. RC: Duke of Bavaria. Dates from AF.

Theodon married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775168        i.   Theodon II Duke Of BAVARIA -[57307] (born about 480 - died in 565)

131995705550352. Gudeoc Of The LOMBARDS-[57320] ^3,8,9,24,32 was born about 450.

Gudeoc married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775176        i.   Claffo King Of The LOMBARDS -[57323] (born about 475 - died after 490)

131995705550362. Elak The HUN-[46204],^3,8,9,24 son of Attila "The Scourge Of God" The HUN King Of The Huns -[46206] and Julia Gratia HONORIA -[46207], was born in 416 and died in 451 at age 35.

Elak married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775181        i.   Escam (Ascama) Of The HUNS -[46203] (born about 440 - died)

131995705550364. Childeric I King Of The FRANKS-[48928],^3,8,9,24 son of Merovaeus (Merovee) Of Salic FRANKS -[56514] and Chlodeswinthe Of The Salic FRANKS -[48945], was born in 436 in Westphalia, Germany and died on 26 Nov 481 at age 45.

General Notes: 1 NAME Cloderic I (Childeric) of the /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 NAME Chirderic I /Meroving/ 1 BIRT2 DATE ABT. 436 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17,2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE 481 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import:Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 303; Kraentzler 1657, 1777, 1780; AF; "The Franks" by EdwardJames; Pfafman.
Franks: The grave of Cloderic/Childeric I was found in 1653 inTournai, Belgium. It contained "gold-and-garnet belt and equipmentfittings; gold buckles and a gold arm-ring; a brooch of the type worn onthe right shoulder by high Roman officials; a Frankish throwing-axe, orfrancisca; the fittings for a sword or scramasax (a single-edged sword);the famous gold bees which Napoleon took to be a symbol of Frenchroyalty, and which led him to wear a cloak bejewelled with such bees athis imperial coronation...There were also coins in the grave, and,finally, the crucial find, Childeric's seal-ring, with the inscriptionCHILDERICI REGIS ('belonging to King Childeric'), and its portrayal ofthe long-haired king wearing Roman-style military dress and bearing alance."
RC: Cloderic I, King of Franks, 458-481. Married about 465.
K: Childeric/Childerich I, King of Franks/King of a part of SalistianFranks. Married 463, died 481.
Pfafman: Childeric I, King of Salic Franks 458-481.

Childeric married Basinia II Von THURINGIA -[48935] [MRIN:28254] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705550365. Basinia II Von THURINGIA-[48935],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Basin Of THURINGIA -[31978] and Basine Of SAXONY -[31977], was born in 438 in Thuringia, Germany and died in 470 at age 32.

General Notes: 1 NAME Basina Andovera /De Thuringia/ 1 NAME Basina of /Thuringia/ 2SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 PLACThuringian Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 438 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT. 480


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 303; AF; Kraentzler 1777, 1780.
K: Basine de Thuringe (Thuringia).

Basinia married Childeric I King Of The FRANKS -[48928] [MRIN:28254] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705550848. Marcomir Duke Of The East FRANKS-[49122],^3,8,9,24 son of Clodius IV Duke Of The East FRANKS -[49133], was born in 347 and died in 404 ³² at age 57.

General Notes: 1 NAME Marcomir I of the East /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE BEF. 389 2 SOUR S033320 3DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1772; Pfafman; AF.
K: Marcomir I, Duke of the East Franks.
Pfafman: Marcomir, Duke of the East Franks 389-404. Died 404.
Kraentzler in line 1809 leaves out this generation.

Marcomir married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775424        i.   Pharamond King Of WESTPHALIA -[48984] (born in 370 - died in 427)

131995705550850. Genebald King Of The Salic FRANKS-[49001],^3,8,9,24 son of Dagobert II King Of The Salic FRANKS -[49007], was born in 354 and died in 419 ³² at age 65.

General Notes: 1 NAME Genebald II of the East /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Pfafman; Kraentzler 1772.
Pfafman: Duke of the East Franks 414-419. Died 419.
K: Genbald, Last King of the West Goths.

Genebald married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775425        i.   Argotta Princess Of The Salic FRANKS -[48992] (born in 376 - died in 438)

131995705550858. Flavius Africanus SYAGRIUS Gallo-Roman Consul-[27785],^3,8,9,24 son of Aegidius -[27989], was born in 381 and died in Gaul.

Noted events in his life were:

• Title (Facts Pg): 381, Gallo-Roman Consul Of Rome.

Flavius married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775429        i.   Nn. SYAGRIUS -[27782] (born about 400)

131995705550860. Agricola Senator Of ROME-[29314] ^3,8,9,24 died.

Agricola married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775430        i.   Eparchius Avitus, Emperor Of ROME Bishop Of Piacenza -[27786] (born about 395 in Auvergne, Gaul - died after 456)

131995705550880. Clodius V "Long-Hair" King Of WESTPHALIA-[48954],^3,8,9,24 son of Pharamond King Of WESTPHALIA -[48984] and Argotta Princess Of The Salic FRANKS -[48992], was born in 397 in Westphalia, Germany and died in 448 ³² at age 51.

General Notes: 1 NAME Clodion (Clodius) of the Salic /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 380 2 SOURS033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 303; Collins; Pfafman; Kraentzler 1657, 1772, 1777, 1809.
RC: Clodion, governed the Salic Franks, 428-448.
K: Clodius, surnamed Crinitus or Long-Hair. Conquerored Artois,Cambray, Tournay, etc. Died 445-447. And (K-1772) Clodion le Vhevelu,King de Francs (of the Franks).
K-1657: Chlodio, King of a part of the Salistian Franks.
Collins: King Clodio, Clodion, Clodia, the Long-Haired. 1st King ofSalic (Salian) Franks (Westphalia) 428-448. Born about 380, died about445-447.
Pfafman: Essentially same as Collins.

Long-Hair married Basina Of THURINGIA I -[56498] [MRIN:29758] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Long-Hair next married NN. -[34513] [MRIN:20983] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705550881. Basina Of THURINGIA I-[56498],^3,8,9,24,32 daughter of Weldephas King Of THURINGIA -[57705], was born about 390 ³² and died about 432 at age 42.

General Notes: 1 NAME Basina Princess of /Thuringia/ 1 BIRT 2 DATE 390 2 PLACThuringia, Germany


[De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Kraentzler 1772, 1777, 1809; Pfafman; AF.
K: Basina (a widow?) of Thuringia.
Pfafman: Basina of Thuringia, daughter of Weldelphus, King ofThuringia.

Basina married Clodius V "Long-Hair" King Of WESTPHALIA -[48954] [MRIN:29758] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705550884. Weldephas King Of THURINGIA-[57705] ^3,8,9,24,32 was born in 365 and died.

General Notes: 1 NAME Weldephus King of /Thuringia/


[De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Kraentzler 1777; Pfafman; Collins.
K: Weldephas, King of the Thuringians.
Collins: Widelphus/Weldelphus, King of Thuringia. Pfafman: Weldelphus.

Weldephas married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705550888. Gundicus King Of BURGUNDY-[48920],^3,8,9,24 son of Giolahaire (Giolahainede) Of BURGUNDY -[27347], was born in 385 in Oder Vistula River Region Of Germany and died in 436 in Burgundy at age 51.

Gundicus married Hrothildis Of The West GOTHS -[57585] [MRIN:29741] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775444        i.   Gunderic King Of BURGUNDY -[48916] (died in 473)

131995705550889. Hrothildis Of The West GOTHS-[57585],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Atanarich King Of The West GOTHS -[27990], died.

Hrothildis married Gundicus King Of BURGUNDY -[48920] [MRIN:29741] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705550890. Chief Of The SUEVICS-[57561] ^3,8,9,24,32 died.

Chief married Daughter Of Walia Of The VISIGOTHS -[31975] [MRIN:18988] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775445        i.   CARSTAMENA -[57681]

131995705550891. Daughter Of Walia Of The VISIGOTHS-[31975],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Walia King Of The VISIGOTHS -[31976], was born in 410 and died.

Daughter married Chief Of The SUEVICS -[57561] [MRIN:18988] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705550892. Ermengaire (Edeko) Nascien I, Prince Of SEPTIMANIA-[31783],^3,8,9,24 son of Fredemundus Of The Salic FRANKS -[31784], was born about 415 and died.

General Notes: Suebi, Marcomanni and Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, andLangobardi(Lombards). The Alemanni were also part of the Suebitribalgroup, which gave its name to the German principality of Swabia.Elbe River. Dislodged by the Huns, some Suebi crossed the Rhine River andin 409 entered Spain, settling mainly in the northwest(Gallaecia). By447, under their king Rechila, the Suebi had spread over the Romanprovinces of Lusitania and Baetica. Although the Suebi entered Spain aspagans, their king Rechiar came to the throne as a Christian in 448. Hewas later defeated by the Visigoths under Theodoric II in 456. Remnantsof theSuebi survived under Maldras (reigned 456-460) and rival kingsuntil about 585, when the kingdom was annexed to the Visigothics tate.into the Elbe-Rhine region by c. 500 BC, pressure on the Celts and Rome,inundation of the western half of the Roman Empire by the 5th century AD,Germanic social and political organization,religion and mythologyReserved

Ermengaire married Princess Of The OSTROGOTHS -[27737] [MRIN:15175] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

65997852775446        i.   Ricomer (Flavius Ricimer) Duke Of BURGUNDY -[57688] (born in 434 in Spain - died on 18 Aug 472)

                     ii.   Celedoin DESPOSYNI -[31780] died.

131995705550893. Princess Of The OSTROGOTHS-[27737],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Valia (Walia, Wallia) King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[56619], was born about 416 in Toledo, Castile, Ostrogoth Empire In Spain and died.

Princess married Ermengaire (Edeko) Nascien I, Prince Of SEPTIMANIA -[31783] [MRIN:15175] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705550894. Anthemius Emperor Of ROME-[27736],^3,8,9,24 son of Procopius II -[27735], was born about 420 and died on 11 Jul 472 at age 52.

General Notes: SOURCES The only approximation of a connected account of the life of theemperor Anthemius is found in a verse panegyric delivered to him in Romeon 1 January 468 by the Gaul Sidonius Apollinaris, whose letters alsodiscuss several of the events of his reign. The Life of St. Epiphanius byEnnodius of Pavia also includes a revealing vignette of Anthemius. Andseveral sources, such as Procopius, provide rather full accounts of theVandal War of 468. Otherwise, Anthemius is known from terse referencesthat survive either in chronicles, such as those of the Spaniard Hydatiusand Count Marcellinus, or in extracts from writers whose complete worksdo not survive, such as the Byzantine writers Priscus, Candidus, and Johnof Antioch. In addition, three novellae ("new laws") issued by Anthemiusare extant. Taken together, these sources make Anthemius, after Majorian,the best known of the "shadow emperors."

FAMILY BACKGROUND Anthemius was born in Constantinople, perhaps ca.420.His maternal grandfather was a powerful senator, likewise namedAnthemius, who was Praetorian Prefect of the East from 405 to 414, consulin 405, and patrician. His father, Procopius, was Master of Soldiers ofthe East (422-424) and likewise a patrician; he was said to have beendescended from the usurper Procopius (365). Hydatius claims thatAnthemius had a brother, also named Procopius, but there is no otherevidence for this and it probably is a mistake. Circa 453, Anthemiusmarried Aelia Marcia Euphemia, the only daughter of the eastern emperorMarcian (450-457). The couple had four known sons: Anthemiolus, Fl.Marcianus, Procopius Anthemius, and Romulus.

EARLY LIFE Like his father, Anthemius engaged in a military career. Hewas made a military comes ("Count") after his marriage and workedrefurbishing the defenses on the Danube frontier, which was in a state ofdisruption after the death of Attila the Hun in 453. He does not seem tohave engaged in any combat. Upon his return to Constantinople in 454,Marcian granted him high honors, making him Master of Soldiers andPatrician, and nominating him for the consulate, which he held in 455with the western emperor Valentinian III ("hinc reduci datur omnis honos,et utrique magister / militiae consulque micat, coniuncta potestas /patricii...": Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmen 2.205-207). These honors,along with his marriage, would suggest that Marcian saw Anthemius as alikely successor to the throne. Indeed, the Byzantine chronicler JohnMalalas believed that Marcian actually did make Anthemius emperor:

"Furthermore, Marcian gave to Anthemius in marriage his daughter from anearlier marriage, and he made him emperor in Rome. From her Anthemius hada daughter, whom he placed with the Master of Soldiers Ricimer... WhileLeo was ruling, Anthemius reigned at Rome, whom Marcian had raised to theimperial power" (Chron. 368-369).

Either Malalas was simply wrong, or it may be that Marcian had in facttoyed with the idea of making Anthemius western emperor after thedeposition of Avitus in October, 456, but that his death in January, 457,prevented the plan from going any further.


After Marcian's death, any hopes that Anthemius may have had for imperialhonors were disappointed when the choice for the eastern throne fell uponLeo, a career soldier who held the rather modest rank of "Tribune of theMattiarii." Leo was the candidate of the powerful barbarian, and Arian,Master of Soldiers Aspar who, unable or unwilling to aspire to the thronehimself, hoped to name an undistinguished candidate whom he would be ableto manipulate, à la Ricimer in the west. Clearly, Anthemius was not inthis category. Under Leo, Anthemius continued as Master of Soldiers. InIllyricum, perhaps ca.460, he defeated a group of Ostrogoths commanded byValamer. Several years later, circa the winter of 466/467, he subdued agroup of Huns under Hormidac who had crossed the Danube and were raidingDacia.

ACCESSION Meanwhile, Leo was forced to contend with the Vandals. Foryears they had been raiding the coast of Italy, a circumstance that seemsto have caused little distress for the eastern court. But by 467 theVandal raids extended to Greece. The contemporary Byzantine historianPriscus reported,

"After the death of Valentinian [in 455], Gaiseric gained the support ofthe Moors, and every year at the beginning of spring he made invasionsinto Sicily and Italy, enslaving some of the cities, razing others to theground, and plundering everything; and when the land had become destituteof men and of money, he invaded the domain of the emperor of the east.And so he plundered Illyricum and most of the Peloponnesus and of Greeceand all the islands that lie near it. And again he went off to Sicily andItaly, and kept plundering and pillaging all places in turn..." (BellumVandalicum 5.22-24: Dewing trans., p.53)

Leo, to deal with this and other concerns, in the spring of 467 nominatedAnthemius to be emperor of the west, where there had been an interregnumever since the death of Libius Severus in 465.

Anthemius was dispatched with an army under the command of Marcellinus,Master of Soldiers in Dalmatia, and acclaimed emperor near Rome on 12April 467. Cassiodorus noted, "Anthemius was sent to Italy by the emperorLeo; he assumed the emperorship at the third milestone from the City atthe place called Brontotas" ("Anthemius a Leone imp. ad Italiam mittitur,qui tertio ab urbe miliario in loco Brontotas suscepit imperium": Chron.1283 s.a.467). Hydatius placed the event a few miles up the road:"Anthemius is named the forty- sixth emperor at the eighth milestone fromRome" ("Romanorum XLVI Anthemius, octavo milario de Roma, Augustusappellatur": Chron. 235). And Count Marcellinus noted simply, "Leo sentthe patrician Anthemius to Rome and established him as emperor" ("Leoimperator Anthemium patricium Romam misit imperatoremque constituit":Chron. s.a.467). The date is given by the Fasti vindobonenses priores(no.597, s.a.467): "his cons. levatus est imp. do.n. Anthemius Romaeprid. idus Aprilis."

For Leo, the appointment of Anthemius not only would have rid him of apotential rival, it also placed an experienced general in charge of thewestern phase of his proposed campaign against the Vandals. As forGaiseric, it gave him a pretext for stepping up his coastal pillaging.Procopius, for example, stressed the role played by the Vandals inAnthemius' appointment:

"Now, before this time Leo had already appointed and sent Anthemius asemperor of the west, a man of the senate of great wealth and high birth,in order that he might assist him in the Vandalic war. And yet Gaiserickept asking and earnestly entreating that the imperial power be given toOlybrius, who was married to Placidia, the daughter of Valentinian, andon account of his relationship well-disposed toward him, and when hefailed in this he was still more angry and kept plundering the whole landof the emperor"(Bellum Vandalicum 6.9: Dewing trans., p.57).

The return to a dual emperorship was celebrated in Constantinople by thedelivery of a panegyric by Dioscorus, the teacher of Leo's daughters, whowas later rewarded by being made Praetorian Prefect of the East.

In general, relations between the eastern and western courts seem to havebeen cordial throughout Anthemius' reign. In 468, Anthemius was accordedthe signal honor of serving as sole consul for the year (this also wouldhave matched Leo's sole consulate in 466), this being his secondconsulate. Anthemius' son Fl. Marcianus, moreover, not only held theconsulate in both 469 and 472 (although Bagnall et al., CLRE p.479, arguethat these are not the same person), but also married Leo I's youngerdaughter Leontia in 471. Throughout Anthemius' reign, moreover, east andwest each appointed one of the two consuls, and both consuls wereregularly recognized throughout the empire (see Bagnall et al., CLRE,pp.466-479).

Anthemius was faced with several problems. Much of the west, of course,was held by various barbarian peoples, and he really only controlledItaly. As an easterner, moreover, his rule was resented in some westernquarters, and he was sometimes mocked for his Greek origin. He also mayhave had pagan sympathies. Furthermore, the social and economic issuesfaced by Majorian had not been solved, and, indeed, had only grown moreserious. And a crucial question was how well Anthemius would be able tocooperate with the powerful Patrician and Master of Soldiers Ricimer, whohad become accustomed to making and unmaking western emperors, havingbeen responsible for the depositions of Avitus (455- 456), and Majorian(457-461), and for the elevation of Severus (461-465).

Anthemius sought to create a family bond with his barbarian general, andat the end of 467 a marriage between Ricimer and Anthemius' only daughterAlypia was celebrated. The festivities were described in a letter to afriend by Sidonius, who had just arrived at Rome on a mission from Gaul:

"As yet, I have not presented myself at the bustling gates of Emperor orcourt official. For my arrival coincided with the marriage of thepatrician Ricimer, to whom the hand of the emperor's daughter was beingaccorded in the hope of more secure times for the state. Not individualsalone, but whole classes and parties are given up to rejoicing... While Iwas writing these lines, scarce a theatre, provision-market, praetorium,forum, temple, or gymnasium but echoed to the cry of 'Talassio'! And evenat this hour the schools are closed, no business is done, the courts arevoiceless, missions are postponed; there is a truce to intrigue, and allthe serious business of life seems merged in the buffooneries of thestage. Although the bride has been given away, although the bridegroomhas put off his wreath, the consular his palm-broidered robe, thebrideswoman her wedding gown, the distinguished senator his toga, and theplain man his cloak, yet the noise of the great gathering has not diedaway in the palace chambers because the bride still delays to start forher husband's house. When this merrymaking has run out its course, youshall hear what remains to tell of my proceedings, if indeed thesecrowded hours of idleness to which the whole state seems now surrenderedare ever to end, even when the festivities are over"(Epist. 1.5.10-11:Dalton trans., 1.12-13)

Sidonius, therefore, hints that Alypia may not have been overjoyed at theprospect of an arranged marriage with what she may have perceived as anuncouth barbarian general.

Noted events in his life were:

• Reigned: Between 12 Apr 467 and 11 Jul 472.

Anthemius married Aelia Marca Euphemia Of ROME -[27742] [MRIN:15174] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852775447        i.   Alypia Of ROME -[27738] (born in 445 - died)

131995705550895. Aelia Marca Euphemia Of ROME-[27742],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Flavius Valerius Marcian Emperor Of ROME -[27743] and St., Aelia PULCHERIA Augusta -[27744], was born in 425 and died in 472 at age 47.

Aelia married Anthemius Emperor Of ROME -[27736] [MRIN:15174] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705551136. Theodoric I King Of The VISIGOTHS-[31983],^3,8,9,24 son of Alaric I King Of The VISIGOTHS -[31984], was born about 395 and died.

Theodoric married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

65997852775568        i.   Eorik King Of The VISIGOTHS -[31982] (born about 420 - died)

                     ii.   Theoderic II Of The VISIGOTHS -[35847] died.

131995705551142. Theodoric I "The Great" King Of The OSTROGOTHS-[48807],^3,8,9,24 son of Theudemer King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[48828] and ERELICIA -[48833], was born in 455 and died in 526 at age 71.

The married CONCUBINE -[48908] [MRIN:29682] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The next married Theodora Of The GOTHS -[50558] [MRIN:18997] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705551143. CONCUBINE -[48908] ^3,8,9.^,24

CONCUBINE married Theodoric I "The Great" King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[48807] [MRIN:29682] ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705553216. Kavadh I Sassanid King Of PERSIA-[50718],^3,8,9,24 son of Firuz V Sassanid King Of PERSIA -[50719], was born about 470 and died on 13 Sep 531 at age 61.

General Notes: BIOGRAPHY: Event: Ruled BET. 498 - 531 Sassanid King of Persia 1 Event:Deposed BET. 496 - 498 Sassanid King of Persia 1 2 Note: Kavadh I, alsospelled QOBAD (d. Sept. 13, 531), king of the Sasanian empire of Persia(reigned 488-496 and 498/499-531). He was a son of Firuz and succeededFiruz' brother Balash as ruler.

BIOGRAPHY: Time spent in youth as a hostage in the hands of theHephthalites after their first defeat of his father gave Kavadh valuablemilitary experience and connections, which he later turned to good use.After the deposition of his uncle Balash in AD 488, he was called to thethrone. At first he was largely dependent on the feudal chief Zarmihr(elsewhere called Sokhra), but when he contrived to eliminate thisover-powerful protector, the hostility of the nobles, with tribal unrestin Armenia and western Iran, led to his deposition in favour of abrother, Jamasp. Kavadh was incarcerated in the "Castle of Oblivion" inSusiana but escaped (in a romantic version his wife takes his place inthe dungeon) and, helped by a nobleman, Siyavush (Seoses), fled to theHephthalites. Their king arranged a marriage between Kavadh and theHephthalite king's daughter, who was a granddaughter of Firuz. He alsogave Kavadh a powerful army with which to recover the Persian throne,which Kavadh did without opposition in AD 498 or 499. Kavadh next appliedto the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I for subsidies with which to placatehis auxiliaries. Payment being refused, he led his troops againstAnatolia and seized the cities of Theodosiopolis (Erzurum) and Amida(Diyarbakir). He later returned Amida in return for a heavy indemnity.

BIOGRAPHY: When Justin I succeeded to the Byzantine throne in 518,Kavadh's main concern was to ensure the succession of his favourite son,Khosrow (later Khosrow I), by a peace agreement under which Khosrow wouldbe adopted and sponsored by the Byzantine emperor. Justin rebuffed theproposal, and a new breach resulted. About the same time, Kavadh wasdeeply influenced by the Mazdakites, a heterodox religious sect. Finallypersuaded of the danger of the Mazdakites, he had them assemble as if fora meeting and then massacred them. Kavadh died after drafting the fiscalreforms that won fame for his successor. His written testament sufficedto place Khosrow on the throne. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97, KAVADH]

Kavadh married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852776608        i.   Khosrow I Anushirvan Sassanid King Of PERSIA -[50717] (died in 579)

131995705562308. Basin Of THURINGIA-[31978],^3,8,9,24 son of Weldephas King Of THURINGIA -[57705], was born about 390 in Thuringia, Germany and died.

Basin married Basine Of SAXONY -[31977] [MRIN:18990] in 437 in Thuringia, Germany ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131995705562309. Basine Of SAXONY-[31977] ^3,8,9,24 was born in 414 and died.

Basine married Basin Of THURINGIA -[31978] [MRIN:18990] in 437 in Thuringia, Germany ^3,8,9.^,24

131995705562320. Pretextat Of REIMS-[34815] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 467 and died.

Pretextat married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852781160        i.   Parovius Of REIMS -[34814] (born in 497 - died)

131995705562326. Ragnomer DE CAMBRAI-[34812] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 465 and died about 508 at age 43.

Ragnomer married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997852781163        i.   Ragnoara DE CAMBRAI -[34811] (born about 505 - died)

131995705629696. Hengist King Of KENT Prince Of The Jutes-[57581],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Witgilis Von ENGERN Duke -[57580], was born about 415 in Saxony ³² and died in 488 at age 73.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1665, 1675; AF. K: Hengist, King of Kent.

Hengist married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

65997852814848        i.   Hartwate Prince Of SAXONY -[57545] (born about 462 in Saxony - died)

                     ii.   Oisc Oeric Of KENT -[44280] was born about 458 in Kent, England and died about 512 in Kent, England at age 54.

131995706737664. Chaba (Chola), Prince Of The HUNS-[57276],^3,8,9,24 son of Ernak, King Of The HUNS -[57277], was born about 470 in Hungary and died after 530 in Scythia Minor after age 59.

Chaba married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65997853368832        i.   Edus (Elus), Chief Of The MAGYAR -[57275] (born about 502 in Scythia Minor - died after 560 in Dentumogeria, Central Asia)

131996094808576. Faroald I, Duca DI SPOLETO-[56613] ^3,8,9,24 died in 599.

Faroald married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998047404288        i.   Ariulf, Duca DI SPOLETO -[56612] (died in 602)

131996096367904. Ervik King Of The VISIGOTHS-[31987],^3,8,9,24 son of Ardabast King Of The VISIGOTHS -[31988] and Goda -[27133], was born in 610 and died on 15 Nov 687 at age 77.

Ervik married Liubigotona Princess Of The VISIGOTHS -[31960] [MRIN:18975] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131996096367905. Liubigotona Princess Of The VISIGOTHS-[31960],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Swinthila King Of The VISIGOTHS -[48669] and Theodora Princess Of The VISIGOTHS -[48674], was born in 615 and died.

Liubigotona married Ervik King Of The VISIGOTHS -[31987] [MRIN:18975] ^3,8,9.^,24

131996099084288. Gavran King Of The SCOTS-[28620],^3,8,9,24 son of Damangard Reti Mac Fergusso King Of The SCOTS -[28625] and Fedelmia Princess Of IRELAND -[28621], was born in 499 and died in 560 at age 61.

Gavran married LLUAN -[28603] [MRIN:16040] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998049542144        i.   Aidan King Of The SCOTS -[28602] (born in 530 - died in 629)

131996099084289. LLUAN -[28603],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Brychan Prince Of Manau MANAU GODODDIN -[59614] and INGENACH -[28604], was born in 500 and died on an unknown date.

LLUAN married Gavran King Of The SCOTS -[28620] [MRIN:16040] ^3,8,9.^,24

131996099084672. NECHTAN -[31383],^3,8,9,24 son of (Malcolm) COLUIM -[31384], died.

NECHTAN married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998049542336        i.   FERGUS -[31382] (died)

131996099579904. Egil AUNSSON-[57493],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Aun JORUNDSSON -[57491], was born about 530 in , Sweden. ³²

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 166; Kraentzler 1662, 1671. Egil Aunsson.

Egil married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998049789952        i.   Ottar EGILSSON -[57450] (born about 551 in , Sweden)

131996099579910. Halfdan FRODASSON King Of Denmark-[57495],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Frodi FRIDLEIFSSON -[57481], was born about 503 in , Denmark ³² and died on an unknown date.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 240, 324; Kraentzler 1662, 1666, 1672; AF.
RC: Halfdan Frodasson, King of Denmark. K: HalfdanFrodasson/Fordasson. K. is very prone to typos.
RC cautions that many of the genealogies of Medieval Denmark areinaccurate or fraudulant and finding the true lineage of nobility is adifficult and perhaps fruitless task. Apparently RC lines are theauthor's best assumptions, but, in most instances, they are the same asKraentzler's.

Halfdan married SEGRIS -[57429] [MRIN:34013] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

131996099579911. SEGRIS -[57429] ^3,8,9,24,32 died on an unknown date.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Source: RC 240; Kraentzler 1662, 1666, 1672.
RC: Segris. K: Sigris.

SEGRIS married Halfdan FRODASSON King Of Denmark -[57495] [MRIN:34013] ^3,8,9.^,24

131996100108288. Vard Patrik MAMAKONIAN Viceroy Of Armenia-[57488],^3,8,9,24 son of St. Hmayeak MAMAKONIAN -[57361] and Dzouk Of ARTSRUNI -[57436], was born in 450 in Armenia and died in 509 in Armenia at age 59.

Vard married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998050054144        i.   Hmayeak MAMAKONIAN -[57448] (born in 490 - died before 555)

131996100739072. Sigebert IV Comte DE RAZES-[48621],^3,8,9,24 son of St., Dagobert II King Of AUSTRASIA -[48626] and Giselle DE RAZES -[48632], was born in 676 and died in 758 at age 82.

Sigebert married MAGDALA -[48625] [MRIN:29564] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998050369536        i.   Sigebert V Comte DE RAZES -[48620] (born in 695 - died in 768)

131996100739073. MAGDALA -[48625] ^3,8,9,24 was born in 680.

MAGDALA married Sigebert IV Comte DE RAZES -[48621] [MRIN:29564] ^3,8,9.^,24

131996103872512. Frodi "The Peaceful" DANSSON-[57593],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Dan The Proud OLAFSSON -[57592] and Auda HLEITHRA -[53581], was born about 433 in Denmark ³² and died on an unknown date.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Source: RC 324; Kraentzler 1672; AF.
RC: Frodi Olafsson of Denmark, born about 433.
K: Frodi Dansson, born about 433 in Denmark.
AF calls him Frodi the Peaceful.

The married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65998051936256        i.   Fridleif FRODASSON -[57598] (born about 456 in Of, Denmark - died on an unknown date)

131999964332032. Eogan Caeg Macnath O'CHEINNSELAIG-[59242],^3,8,9,24 son of Nath Maccrimthann O'CHEINNSELAIG -[59243].

Eogan married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65999982166016        i.   Nn. O'CHEINNSELAIG -[59241]

131999964336640. Mael Duin Macmael Fithrick O'NEILL-[59149],^3,8,9,24 son of Mael Fithrick Macaedo Uaridnaig O'NEILL -[59150], died in 681.

Mael married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65999982168320        i.   Fergal O'neill King Of IRELAND & AILECH -[59148] (died on 11 Dec 722)

131999964340224. Eaochaid BALLDEARG-[56074],^3,8,9,24 son of Carthan Fionn Oge NOR -[28359], died on an unknown date.

Eaochaid married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65999982170112        i.   CONALL -[57934] (died on an unknown date)

131999964341248. AED -[28285],^3,8,9,24 son of Senach King Of West CONNAUGHT -[28286], died on an unknown date.

AED married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65999982170624        i.   COLGA -[28284] (born in 620 - died on an unknown date)

131999964343808. Murgal Macindrechtach Of CONNACHT-[59300],^3,8,9,24 son of Indrechtach Macmuiredach King Of CONNACHT -[59301].

Murgal married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

65999982171904        i.   Tomaltach Macmurgal Of CONNACHT -[59299]

132000359170560. Mnaata Duke Of BOHEMIA-[27763],^3,8,9,24 son of Nezamysl Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27765] and HRUBA -[27764], was born about 725 in Praha, Czechoslovakia and died in 804 at age 79.

Mnaata married STREZISLAVA -[27762] [MRIN:15196] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000179585280        i.   Vojen Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27761] (born about 742 in Praha, Czechoslovakia - died in 820)

132000359170561. STREZISLAVA -[27762] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 725 in Praha, Czechoslovakia and died.

STREZISLAVA married Mnaata Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27763] [MRIN:15196] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384024576. Mar Ap CENEU-[30685],^3,8,9,24 son of Ceneu (Cynan) Ap Coel GODEBOG -[53578], was born about 410 and died.

Mar married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192012288        i.   Arthwys Ap MAR -[30684] (died)

132000384376832. Colman Mar Maccoirpre O'DUNLAINGE-[59271],^3,8,9,24 son of Coirpre Maccormac O'dunlainge King Of LEINSTER -[59272], was born in 530.

Colman married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192188416        i.   Faelan Maccolmain Mair O'DUNLAINGE -[59270] (born in 570 - died about 666)

132000384376896. Suibne Maccolman O'NEILL-[59210],^3,8,9,24 son of Colman Macdiarmait O'NEILL -[59211], died in 600.

Suibne married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192188448        i.   Nn. O'NEILL -[59209]

132000384414720. Rhun Rhudd Bwladr Ap LLARY-[57834],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Llary Ap Casnar WLEDIG -[57843].

Rhun married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207360        i.   Bywdeg Ap Rhun RHUDD -[57801]

132000384414784. Corath MACEOTHAID-[49601],^3,8,9,24 son of Euchaid Allmiur "Oversea" Of The DESSI -[28445], was born about 290 and died on an unknown date.

Corath married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207392        i.   Aed BROSC -[49592] (born about 340 - died on an unknown date)

132000384414800. Macsen WLEDIG-[57832],^3,8,9,24,32 son of Maximianus Of The WEST -[36363], was born in 340 and died in 388 at age 48.

General Notes: 1 NAME Magnus /Maximus/


Magnu Maximus was born to a poor Spainish family, Probably in theprovince of Callaecia in north western Spain.

Macsen married Elen Ceidrech Verch RHEIDEN -[57835] [MRIN:15882] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

132000384414801. Elen Ceidrech Verch RHEIDEN-[57835],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Eudes (Euidaf) Warlord Of The GEWISSI -[59591] and Aelia Galla PLACIDA -[59589], died on an unknown date.

Elen married Macsen WLEDIG -[57832] [MRIN:15882] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384414802. Octavius (Eudaf Hen) The OLD-[28443] ^3,8,9,24 was born in Gwent, Wales and died on an unknown date.

Octavius married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207401        i.   Saint Helena Of The HOST -[28442] (born on an unknown date - died on an unknown date)

132000384414816. Rhodi Ap EUDDIGAN-[59318],^3,8,9,24 son of Euddigan Ap EUDEYRN -[59319], died on an unknown date.

Rhodi married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207408        i.   Gloyw Gwallthir "Long Hair" Ap RHODI -[57792] (died on an unknown date)

132000384414832. Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius) Emperor Of ROME-[50674],^3,8,9,24 son of Flavius EUTROPIUS -[50678] and Claudia CRISPINA -[50679], was born in 242 in Eboracum, England and died before 25 Jul 306 in Eboracum, England before age 65.

General Notes: 1 NAME Constantius Angelus of /Rome/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 PLAC ,Britain 2 SOUR S033320 3DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 PLAC ,York 2 SOURS033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Ancestral Roots 45; Kraentzler 1669, 1680, 1795.
K-1795: Constantius I, Emperor of Britain, Gaul, Spain and Rome("Chlorus"). His British name appears to have been Cystennan.
K-1669: Flavius Constantius "Chlore," Emperor of Britain, Rome andGaul.
Roots: Theodora Comnena, married Constantinus Angelus.

Constantius married Helena Of The CROSS Empress Of Rome -[50675] [MRIN:30699] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y


1 _MSTAT Other

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207416        i.   Constantine I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[50671] (born on 27 Feb 287-288 in Naissus, Serbia - died on 22 May 337, buried in Constantinople, Church Of The Holy Apostles)

Constantius next married Theodora Of ROME -[35463] [MRIN:21616], daughter of Maximianus Herculeus Emperor Of ROME -[50676] and Eutropia -[55422], in 293 ^3,8,9.^,24 Theodora was born about 250 and died.

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

                      i.   Constantina Of ROME -[59590] was born about 280.

132000384414833. Helena Of The CROSS Empress Of Rome-[50675],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Coel II King Of COLCHESTER -[57445] and Strada The FAIR -[57009], was born in 265 in Drepanum, Bithynia and died between 336 and 337 about age 71.

General Notes: 1 NAME Helen of the /Cross/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 PLAC ,Britain 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 PLAC ,Constantinople 2 SOURS033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001


[De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Kraentzler 1795.
K: Helen "of the Cross," Empress Auguste of Rome. Founded theCathedral at Treves. Second wife.

Helena married Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius) Emperor Of ROME -[50674] [MRIN:30699] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384414840. Bran Of COLCHESTER-[59593],^3,8,9,24 son of Llyr Llediath Of COLCHESTER -[59594], died on an unknown date.

Bran married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207420        i.   Caradawc Vreichvras Ruler Of Gwent & ARCHENFIELD -[59592] (died on an unknown date)

132000384414844. Flavius "The Elder" THEODOSIUS-[48756] ^3,8,9,24 was born in 325 and died in 376 at age 51.

The married THERMANTIA -[27338] [MRIN:14783] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192207422        i.   Theodosius I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[48745] (born on 11 Jan 346-347 in Northern Spain - died on 17 Jan 394-395 in Milan, Italy)

132000384414845. THERMANTIA -[27338] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 326.

THERMANTIA married Flavius "The Elder" THEODOSIUS -[48756] [MRIN:14783] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384414846. Valentinian (Flavius Valentinianus) I Emperor Of ROME-[27339],^3,8,9,24 son of Gratian -[27653], was born in 321 in Cibalis In Southern Pannonia and died on 17 Nov 375 in Brigetio, Pannonia Inferior at age 54.

General Notes: 1 NAME Flavius /Valentinianus/


Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. There was apower vacuum after the death of Julian, last ruler of the Neo-Flavianline. His immediate successor Jovian did not really survive long enoughto leave his stamp on late Roman society. In general terms, Valentinian’schallenge was to hold together an empire that had experienced sixty yearsof internal unrest, something which was of major import. His provincialorigins and Nicene Christianity put him at odds with the senatorialnobility in the west. Furthermore, he had to deal with the increasingregionalism of the empire, especially in Gaul, Britain, and Africa. EarlyLife Valentinian, whose full name was Flavius Valentinianus, was born inA.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His fatherGratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills.Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officerto tribune, to comes Africae, and finally comes Britanniae. He wassuspected of graft while comes Africae, but nothing was ever proven.After he retired, Constantius II (337-60) confiscated his estates becausehe was suspected of having been a supporter of Magnentius. Gratian’salleged affiliation with Magnentius apparently did not keep Valentinianor his younger brother Valens from being able to enter the military, butit may have contributed to some early trouble for Valentinian.Valentinian embarked upon a military career, and, like his father, becamea victim of imperial politics. In 357 he was tribune of cavalry underJulian, Constantius II's Caesar in the west. In the intrigues surroundingJulian and Constantius, Valentinian and a colleague were accused ofundermining operations, and Constantius dismissed them from the service.Valentinian was married twice. His first wife, Severa, died some timeafter giving birth to Valentinian’s first son Gratian in 359, andValentinian married Justina, by whom he had Valentinian II, and twodaughters, Galla and Justa. When Julian died, Valentinian was recalled tomilitary service by Jovian. Upon his accession, Jovian sent Procopius, anotarius, and Memoridus to Gaul and Illyricum to install hisfather-in-law Lucillianus, in retirement at Sirmium, as magister equitumet peditum. Lucillianus in turn was to journey to Milan and secureJovian’s power in Italy and Gaul. Jovian supposedly gave Lucillianussecret instructions to handpick a select cadre of supporters. Two ofthese men were Valentinian and Seniauchus. One of this group’s missionswas to displace Jovinus, Julian’s magister armorum per Gallias, withMalarichus, a retired soldier and supporter of Jovian living in Italy. Inaddition they were to visit as many governors and military commanders aspossible and announce the successful end of the Persian campaign andJovian's succession. Malarichus, however, refused his commission, andLucillianus traveled on to Rheims where he began examining the accountsof one of Julian’s officials. The official (not named in extant sources)fled to the army in Gaul and spread rumors that Julian was still aliveand that Lucillianus was a rebel. In the riot that broke out, Seniauchusand Lucillianus were killed, and Valentinian barely escaped through thehelp of his friend Primitivus. By this time, Jovian had sent someadditional soldiers who secured peace in Gaul. As a result Valentinianwas promoted to command of the second Scutarii division.

Valentinian's Accession Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently ofnatural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The armymarched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meetingof civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. Thenames of Aequitius, a tribune of the first Scutarii, and Januarius, arelative of Jovian’s in charge of military supplies in Illyricum, werebandied about. Both were rejected, Aequitius as too brutal, Januariusbecause he was too far away. The assembly finally agreed uponValentinian, and sent messengers to inform him, as he had been leftbehind at Ancyra with his unit. While awaiting the arrival ofValentinian, Aequitius and Leo, another Pannonian in charge ofdistributing supplies to the soldiers of Dagalaifus, magister equitum,managed to keep the “fickle” (mobilitas) soldiers from choosing anotheremperor. Valentinian arrived in Nicaea on 24 February 364, the bisextileday. This day was used every four years by the Romans to balance thecalendar much as we use the modern leap year day: the sixth day (countinginclusively) before the first of March was counted twice. According toAmmianus, this day was considered an ill-omened day to begin any newproceedings, so Valentinian put off his official acceptance until the dayafter the bisextile. Furthermore, the prefect Salutius declared that noofficial business could be conducted on the repeated day. The holidaywould have prevented any attempt to name another emperor beforeValentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As heprepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot,apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassuredthem that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent acrisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick aco-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded byValentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperialauthority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construedas a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in theeastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, heassured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority wouldremain in the east to protect their interests.

After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting himin charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens asco-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done overthe objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, thatValens was clearly subordinate to his brother. The remainder of 364 wasspent dividing up administrative duties and military commands.Valentinian retained the services of Jovinus and Dagalaifus, and promotedAequitius to comes Illyricum. In addition, he promoted Serenianus, aretired soldier and fellow Pannonian, to command of the domesticorumscholae. Several sources mention the division of administrative spheresbetween the two brothers, but Ammianus is the most specific. According toAmmianus, Valens was given the Prefecture of the Orient, governed bySalutius, while Valentinian gained control of the Prefecture of the Gaulsand the Prefecture of Italy, Africa, and Illyricum. These latter threeareas were put together as one administrative unit under control of theprefect Mamertinus. Valens resided in Constantinople, while Valentinian’scourt was at Milan.

Roman Society under Valentinian Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modernscholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He isgenerally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by“. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperialdefense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set thecourse of Roman history for the next century. Valentinian deliberatelypolarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to themilitary. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorialnobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of amilitary court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were newideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. Bythis it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat ofnobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With theerosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy ofChristianity. At the same time, the empire was becoming more and more ofa bureaucracy, with the emperor delegating authority to a chain ofofficials. These officials did not always perform their job well and, asa result, the provincial populations became increasingly alienated fromthe imperial government. They were crushed under the increasing burden oftaxation, and often the emperor, through his delegates, failed to providethe security for which the provincials' tribute was paying. Valentinian,Christianity, and Legislation Unlike his brother Valens, Valentinianrefused to become embroiled in the religious controversies of the time.Ammianus praised Valentinian for his religious neutrality. Valentinianrefused to get involved in the Arian controversy of the east, dismissinga deputation of eastern Nicene bishops who appealed to him to controlValens. Valentinian did, however, take a harsh stand against two of theheretical movements that had grown during the past century in the west.In 372 he forbade gatherings of Manichees in the city of Rome. Suchassemblies were to result in the death of the leaders, the exile of theothers, and confiscation of the property of all involved. In addition heofficially condemned Donatist bishops in Africa in 373. Theecclesiastical sources for this period generally have a favorable opinionof Valentinian. Jerome speaks in glowing terms, saying “Valentinian wasan excellent emperor in most cases and similar in character to Aurelian,save only that certain people interpreted his excessive strictness andparsimony as cruelty and greed.” Socrates and Orosius took the story ofhis dismissal from the military by Constantius II and turned him into amartyr of sorts. According to Sozomen, Valentinian was dismissed from themilitary by Julian, instead of Constantius II, for refusing to perform apagan ritual at a pagan shrine. Less accurately, Theoderet, Sozomen, andSocrates praised Valentinian for installing Ambrose as bishop of Milan.Ambrose’s predecessor, Auxentius, had been an Arian.

Valentinian, however, was not uniformly friendly towards Christianity.For example, he ordered Symmachus, praefectus urbi of Rome in 365, to putto death and confiscate the property of any Christians who becamecustodians of temples. It seems, however, that much of his legislationconcerning Christians was driven by fiscal motives, rather than any realconcern with religious doctrine. Any Manichees caught under the lawcontributed their property to the fisc, and the condemnation of theDonatists could really be seen as a condemnation of those who inhibitedthe collection of taxes from the African provinces. In other examples,Valentinian addressed a law to Damasus, Pope of Rome in 370, whichforbade ecclesiastics to marry widows or female wards of the state. Thepurpose of this law was to stop churchmen from obtaining the wealth ofsuch women through inheritance. On the other hand, Valentinian appears tohave given Christians special privileges. For example, in 370 he upheld alaw of Constantius II that exempted professed Nicene Christians in theAfrican provinces from obligatory municipal duties. Similarly, a law waspassed in 371 that those in the city of Rome who could prove that theywere ecclesiastics before the accession of Valentinian were exempt frommunicipal services.

Revenues lost by these measures had to be made up from other sources, andValentinian sought them from the senatorial order. In a law promulgatedon 18 October 365 in Paris and reaching Carthage on 18 January 366,Valentinian ordered Dracontius, vicarius Africae, to send out men tocollect taxes from those African estates which were owned by Romansenators. This law was in keeping with Valentinian’s general hostility tothe senatorial order.

Initially, it seemed that Valentinian actively sought to pacify the paganaristocracy at Rome by retaining the title pontifex maximus and bypassing legislation confirming toleration of the pagan practice ofdivination. In 371, however, he sanctioned a purge of the nobility by thepraefectus annonae Maximinus, whom he temporarily elevated to the officeof urban prefect for this purpose. Members of the aristocracy werebrought before Maximinus and Valentinian’s old friend Leo on charges suchas using magic, using poison, and adultery. Punishments ranged from exileto death. Ammianus cites many such cases, including those of the senatorsCethegus, killed for adultery, and Paphius and Cornelius, prosecuted andexecuted for using poison. The scale of Maximinus’ prosecutions was suchthat even children were tried. One Alypius, whom Ammianus describes asnobilis adulescens, was exiled for an offense Ammianus does not specify(and thus implies was trumped up), while Lollianus, son of the ex-prefectLampadius, was sentenced to exile for writing a book concerning thedestructive use of magic (noxiarum artium). Lampadius appealed toValentinian, who turned the case over to Phalangius, governor of Baetica,who sentenced Lollianus to death.

Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of asystematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of thesenatorial aristocracy. It was at the request of Maximinus thatValentinian abrogated the right of persons of senatorial rank to appealcases to the emperor, a right that had already been strictly curtailedduring the reign of Ampelius, Maximinus’ predecessor as urban prefect. Hedid this by treating as treasonous such acts as adultery, use of magic,and poisoning. He also empowered Maximinus to use torture to extractconfessions from the accused. As with Lollianus, the appeals that wereheard often resulted in a harsher punishment than the original sentence.

Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige. In a law of364, Valentinian decreed that the equites now ranked in prestige onlybehind the senatorial order. In addition, these equites were exempt fromthe more onerous forms of compulsory service and senatorial taxes.Furthermore, a second law issued in 367 gave members of the imperialcourt the same privileges as senators. This law also established thatdischarged comites and tribunes could become senators.

In July of 372, Valentinian sent several pieces of legislation toAmpelius, praefectus urbi of Rome, putting members of the imperial courtand the military on equal footing with those who occupied places in thecivil administration. First, magistri peditum and magistri equitum wereto be of equal social prestige to praetorian prefects. In addition,quaestors, magistri officiorum, the comes sacrarum largitionum, the comesrerum privatarum, comites rei militaris, and magistri equitum outrankedproconsular governors. Finally, any member of the imperial courtoutranked vicarii.

Ammianus also observes that Valentinian’s main goal was to raise theprestige of the military. Zosimus confirms this by stating thatValentinian promoted many officers, and modified the system of taxcollection so that the army got its supplies more quickly. Valentinianissued several laws expressly intended to make the collection of taxeseasier. In 367, Valentinian instructed Probus that tax payments in kindcould now be made in three installments per annum or all at once. Inaddition, Valentinian raised the standard exactions. This increase intaxation alienated the provincials.

The African provinces illustrate this effect of Valentinian’s taxpolicies. When Romanus, as the military representative of the imperialgovernment, came to power in 363, he began exploiting the provincials inthe African diocese. When they refused to meet his exorbitant demands, heleft them to the vagaries of such peoples as the Austoriani. In addition,when Valentinian sent Palladius, a tribune and notarius, to investigate,Romanus split the stolen tax revenue with him to prevent Palladius fromreporting his misconduct to Valentinian. As a result of Romanus’ actions,the provincials balked at paying any taxes. The fact that Valentinian hadto resend the law directly to Dracontius, the vicarius of Africa in 367,confirms that the government was having a hard time in collecting itstribute. Valentinian was very distressed by the situation, dispatchingthe notarius Neoterius, the protector domesticus Masaucio, andGaudentius, a tribune of the Scutarii, to Africa in 365. Theodosius tooksteps to ameliorate the situation upon his arrival, declaring that theprovincials did not have to supply his army. He would take any supplieshe needed from the supporters of Firmus.

In addition, when Valentinian came to Pannonia in 375, the provincialstook the opportunity to complain bitterly about the oppression they hadsuffered under Probus, praetorian prefect for the region. According toAmmianus, the taxation was so onerous in Pannonia that many of theleading nobles fled, were imprisoned for debt, or killed themselves.There may have been similar unrest in Gaul, for Ammianus reported thatthere was an outbreak of civil unrest among the provincials there in 369,although he gives no details. Scholars such as Raymond Van Dam see suchprovincial outbreaks as signs that the imperial system was devolving tothe local level.

Assessment of Valentinian's Reign Valentinian's reign affords valuableinsights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First,there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions ofthe empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate hisresources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in thepartnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, bothChristian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was agrowing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and theinability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in allareas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the nextcentury, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

Noted events in his life were:

• AKA: Flavius Valentianus.

Valentinian married Iustina Of ROME -[27340] [MRIN:14782] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

66000192207423        i.   GALLA -[50668] (born about 350)

                     ii.   Aelia Flavia FLACILLA -[27336] died in 386 in Constantinople.

132000384414847. Iustina Of ROME-[27340],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Licinianus Of ROME -[48734], was born about 338.

Iustina married Valentinian (Flavius Valentinianus) I Emperor Of ROME -[27339] [MRIN:14782] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384458752. Elidir Ap MEIRCHION-[33072],^3,8,9,24 son of Meirchion (Meirchiawn) Gul Ap GWRST -[53598] and Essylt (Isold) Verch Culvynyd PRYDA -[57674], was born about 490 and died.

Elidir married Gwawr Verch BRYCHAN -[33056] [MRIN:19852] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192229376        i.   Lllywarch Hen Ap ELIDIR -[33055] (born about 520 - died in 634 in Bala, Wales)

132000384458753. Gwawr Verch BRYCHAN-[33056],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc -[28441] and Prawst Verch TUDWAL -[33057], was born in 467 and died in 634 at age 167.

Gwawr married Elidir Ap MEIRCHION -[33072] [MRIN:19852] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000384548864. Cradoc Fraichfras Ap LLER MERINI-[37009],^3,8,9,24 son of Ller Merini Ap MERICHIONGUL -[37011] and Gwenllian -[37010], was born about 620 and died.

Cradoc married Tegaus Vron Verch PYLL MAWR -[37007] [MRIN:22677] ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000192274432        i.   Cawrdaf Ap CRADOC -[37006] (born about 650 - died)

132000384548865. Tegaus Vron Verch PYLL MAWR-[37007],^3,8,9,24 daughter of Fortasse PYLL MAWR -[37008], was born about 620 and died.

Tegaus married Cradoc Fraichfras Ap LLER MERINI -[37009] [MRIN:22677] ^3,8,9.^,24

132000409192464. Telerig Khan Of The BULGARS-[56260],^3,8,9,24 son of Terval, Caesar Of BULGARIA -[27647] and Princess Of BYZANTIUM -[27643], was born about 710 and died after 777 after age 66.

Telerig married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000204596232        i.   Kardam Khan Of The BULGARS -[57331] (born about 735 - died in 803)

132000409192704. Vasak Bagratid, Prince Of ARMENIA-[54882],^3,8,9,24 son of Smbat V Bagratid, Prince Of ARMENIA -[54883], was born about 645 and died before 711 before age 67.

Vasak married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000204596352        i.   Ashot III Bagratid, Prince Of ARMENIA -[54881] (born about 670 - died in 748)

132000409192708. David II MAMAKONIAN Prince Of Taraoun-[57121],^3,8,9,24 son of Hrahat MAMAKONIAN Prince Of Taraoun -[57119], was born about 677 in Armenia and died in 744 at age 67.

David married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000204596354        i.   Samuel II MAMAKONIAN Prince Of Taraoun -[57122] (born about 708 in Armenia - died on 25 Apr 772 in Battle Of Bagravandene, Armenia)

132000413384704. Froyla -[35967] ^3,8,9,24 was born about 605 and died in 650 at age 45.

Froyla married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000206692352        i.   Sonna -[35966] (born about 640 - died)

132000413417728. Hisham I Emir Of CORDOVA-[34050],^3,8,9,24 son of Abd I Ar-Rahman AL-DAKHHIL Emir Of Cordova -[34051] and Khazraf -[34048], was born in 765 and died in 796 at age 31.

Hisham married ^3,8,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

66000206708864        i.   Al-Hakam I Emir Of CORDOVA -[34049] (born in 796 in Cordoba, Spain - died about 822)