Genealogy of David Weaver and Kenna Walters

David and Kenna Weaver's Acestry Family Tree

Genealogy of David Weaver and Kenna Walters

Forty-ninth Generation

527769876316160. Pharamond, King Of FRANCE-[80117],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 son of Marcomir Duke Of The East FRANKS -[80186] and Mrs-Marcomir, Duchess Of The East FRANKS -[80182], was born about 370 in , , Westphalia, Germany and died from 427 to 430 at age 57. Ancestral File Number: 9GBJ-V0.

General Notes: 1 _UID 5CED82C1CDAB7C47951DE61D9F7778525C63

Pharamond, married Argotta, Queen Of FRANKS -[80185] [MRIN:44569] in 394 ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 33E6AA650C63C045AB9D3433FBC851D33268

Children from this marriage were:

263884938158080 i. Clodion "Le Chevelu" King Of FRANCE -[79605] (born about 395 in , , Westphalia, Germany - died in 447-449, buried in Cambray, Nord, France)

ii. Adelbertus, Duke Of MOSELLE -[79046] was born about 405 in Westphalia, Germany and died in 491 at age 86. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-0M.

527769876316161. Argotta, Queen Of FRANKS-[80185],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 daughter of Genebald, Duke Of The East FRANKS -[80339] and Mrs-Genebald, Duke Of The East FRANKS -[80427], was born about 376 in , , , France. Ancestral File Number: 9GBJ-XB.

General Notes: 1 _UID F344392863F56A458A8185C211AC8DB9F4E8

Argotta, married Pharamond, King Of FRANCE -[80117] [MRIN:44569] in 394 ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527769876316176. Childeric I King Of FRANCE-[80111],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 son of Mberovbee King Of FRANCE -[80340] and Vberica Queen Of FRANCE -[78547], was born in 436 in , , Westphalia, Germany and died from 26 Nov 481 to 484 at age 45. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-H7.

General Notes: 1 _UID FBB0412EDDE5414BA25C5345A5E68C3B50BC

Childeric married Basina Princess Of THURINGIA -[80077] [MRIN:44832] in 463-465 in , , , Germany ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID AE4395CC90F00C4C83D39CA4D54515EDDC76

Children from this marriage were:

263884938158088 i. Clovis I "The Great" King FRANCE -[80423] (born about 467 . christened Reims, Neustria - died on 27 Nov 511, buried in Eglise DE Saint Pierre, , , France)

ii. Alboflede "Blanchefleur" Princess Of FRANCE -[80343] was born about 467 of Reims, Neustria,was christened of Reims, Neustria,and died before 27 Nov 511 before age 45. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-LQ.

iii. Lantraldis (Lanthilde) Princess Of FRANCE -[80344] was born from about 468 to 469 of Reims, Neustria and was christened on 25 Dec 496. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-MW.

iv. Andelfieda (Audeflede) Princess Of FRANCE -[80345] was born in 496 of Reims, Neustria and was christened on 25 Dec 496 of Reims, Neustria. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-N3.

527769876316177. Basina Princess Of THURINGIA-[80077] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born from about 438 to 440 in Of, , , Thuringia and died after 470 after age 31. Ancestral File Number: 9GBK-JD.

General Notes: 1 _UID E38566A4F0CE4541A38E9920DB79D7CB9678

Basina married Childeric I King Of FRANCE -[80111] [MRIN:44832] in 463-465 in , , , Germany ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527769876316178. Chilperic King Of BURGUNDY-[80352] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born about 445 in Of, , Bourgogne, France. Ancestral File Number: VB3B-X3.

General Notes: 1 _UID 2EA1DDA92B4D5F4287F21845B8A9D262D9F5

Chilperic married Mrs-Chilperic Of BURGUNDY -[80174] [MRIN:44822] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 0C868C7540E8E0458852857B8F3A5D674766

The child from this marriage was:

263884938158089 i. Clotilde Queen Of FRANCE -[80043] (born about 475 in , , Bourgogne, France - died on 3 Jun 548 in , Tours, , France)

527769876316179. Mrs-Chilperic Of BURGUNDY-[80174] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born about 449 in Of, , Bourgogne, France. Ancestral File Number: VB3B-Z8.

General Notes: 1 _UID 75EFBCFF5AEBA14D9557AD9287CB58072E01

Mrs-Chilperic married Chilperic King Of BURGUNDY -[80352] [MRIN:44822] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527769876594688. Crioda, Prince Of WESSEX-[80621],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 son of Cerdic, King Of WESSEX -[80612] and Mrs-Cerdic, Queen Of WESSEX -[80624], was born about 493 in Of, , Wessex, England. Ancestral File Number: G70F-JH.

General Notes: 1 _UID F27BDD196AC33E43A76B85C9BF266CAF71F5

Crioda, married Mrs-Crioda, Princess Of WESSEX -[80622] [MRIN:44954] in Of, , Wessex, England ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID E9D2310AF4F1D04CABCE839154ACA2173D35

The child from this marriage was:

263884938297344 i. Cynric King Of WESSEX -[80606] (born about 525 in Of, , Wessex, England - died in 560)

527769876594689. Mrs-Crioda, Princess Of WESSEX-[80622] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born about 497 in Of, , Wessex, England. Ancestral File Number: G70F-KN.

General Notes: 1 _UID 57EE882C4EBC1640A3F7DA48FBF7987C1BC0

Mrs-Crioda, married Crioda, Prince Of WESSEX -[80621] [MRIN:44954] in Of, , Wessex, England ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527769882591232. Kari FORNJOTSSON KING IN KVENLAND-[77723],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 son of Fornjotur King In KVENLAND -[77736] and Mrs-Fornjotur KVENLAND -[77737], was born about 185 in Of, , , Finland. Ancestral File Number: 18JX-6B6.

General Notes: 1 _UID 6AB742F7C3AD244AB072015A98C277D95FE8

Kari married Mrs-Kari FORNJOTSSON -[77725] [MRIN:44062] about 209 in Of, , , Finland ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 7A0102356F2072418D9755CB388C7C1991E0

The child from this marriage was:

263884941295616 i. Frosti KARASSON KING IN KVENLAND -[77728] (born about 210 in Of, , , Finland)

527769882591233. Mrs-Kari FORNJOTSSON-[77725] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born about 185 in Of, , , Finland. Ancestral File Number: 18JX-6CD.

General Notes: 1 _UID 3AD0500BA9DE1149B577B7D6D3F4475E6BE5

Mrs-Kari married Kari FORNJOTSSON KING IN KVENLAND -[77723] [MRIN:44062] about 209 in Of, , , Finland ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527769882593280. Eystein ADILSSON KING IN SWEDEN-[77765],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 son of Adils "Athils" OTTARSSON KING IN UPPSALA -[77783] and Yrsa HELGASDATTER -[77784], was born about 594 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: G6T0-45.

General Notes: 1 _UID 5A61A831E8F9FB4A83E26EA0EE102B94EAC3

Eystein married Mrs-Eystein ADILSSON -[77763] [MRIN:44081] about 615 in Of, , , Sweden ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

Marriage Notes: 1 _UID 16543997C461D84C88E181D0753A9F038ECC

The child from this marriage was:

263884941296640 i. Ingvar "The Tall" EYSTEINSSON KING IN SWEDEN -[77768] (born about 616 in , , , Sweden - died in (MD))

527769882593281. Mrs-Eystein ADILSSON-[77763] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,16 ^,31 was born about 599 in , , , Sweden. Ancestral File Number: FLHH-8N.

General Notes: 1 _UID 88B5905EFD1E2D44978D3CFF54359F7EBCAE

Mrs-Eystein married Eystein ADILSSON KING IN SWEDEN -[77765] [MRIN:44081] about 615 in Of, , , Sweden ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,31

527981761003520. Meirchion (Meirchiawn) Gul Ap GWRST-[53598],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Gwrst Ledlwm Ap CENEU -[53589], was born about 438 and died about 535 at age 97.

Meirchion married Essylt (Isold) Verch Culvynyd PRYDA -[57674] [MRIN:19866] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761003521. Essylt (Isold) Verch Culvynyd PRYDA-[57674],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 daughter of Culwynedd PRYDAIN -[57675], was born about 440.

Essylt married Meirchion (Meirchiawn) Gul Ap GWRST -[53598] [MRIN:19866] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761003522. Bryccan Ap BRACCANEOC King Of Ulster-[57672],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Braccaneoc Ap CAELBADH -[57673], died in 371 ^³² .

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1758. K: Bryccan ap Braccaneoc, King of Ulster.

Bryccan married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880501761 i. Nevyn Verch BRYCCAN -[57670]

527981761003552. Padarn Beisrudd Ap TACITUS-[54023],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Tacitus (Tegid) Ap IAGO Chieftain Of The Scots -[54012].

Padarn married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880501776 i. Edeyrn (Eternus) Ap PADARN -[54034]

527981761003556. Tehvant Ap URBAN-[54064],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of URBAN -[54056], died on an unknown date.

Tehvant married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880501778 i. Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT -[54068] (born in 350 - died in 420)

527981761003558. Cadfan Ap Cynan Of DUMNONIA-[28449],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Conan MERIADOG King Of The Bretons & Dumnonia -[59586] and Saint Ursula Verch DYNOD -[28450], was born in 325 and died in 405 at age 80.

General Notes: He Appears in the "Dream Of Macsen Wledig" as Conan'c brother,though hewas actually his son. He Inherited his mother'skingdom.

Cadfan married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880501779 i. Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON -[57676] (born in 374 - died on an unknown date)

527981761004544. Maelgwyn Ap CADWALLON King Of Gwynedd-[41709],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Cadwallon Lawhir Ap EINON YRTH -[54099] and Meddyf Verch MAELDAF -[57907], was born in 497,died in 549,^³² at age 52, and was buried in Inys Seiriol.^³²

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1750; AF; History of Morgan Family.
K: Maelgwyn Gwyneed or Maglocunus, King of Britain. Died 566.
AF calls him Maelgwn "The Tall." Died 547.

SOURCES:
1. Bartrum, Peter C. _Welsh Genealogies, AD 300-1400_. University ofWales
Press, 1978. Source for names of wives and children.
2. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_. "MaelgwnGwynedd" was
called 'Maglocunus, the island dragon,' and was known as the fourthking
to reign after King Arthur. He died of the yellow plague at Rhos.His
natural son was Rhun." Died 547.

Maelgwyn married Princess Royal Of The PICTS -[41701] [MRIN:25687], daughter of Girom King Of The PICTS -[41703] and Princess Of STRATHCLYDE -[41702] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24 Princess was born in 500 and died.

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Maelgwyn next married Gwallwen Verch AFALLACH -[57806] [MRIN:25693] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761004545. Gwallwen Verch AFALLACH-[57806],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 daughter of Afallach -[56615], was born about 500 and died.

Gwallwen married Maelgwyn Ap CADWALLON King Of Gwynedd -[41709] [MRIN:25693] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761004546. Rhun RYFEDDFAWR-[57833] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24.^,32

Rhun married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502273 i. Perwyr Verch Rhun RYFEDDFAW -[57805]

527981761004576. Icel Of The Angles King Of MERCIA-[28384],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Eomer Of The ANGLES -[28385], died on an unknown date.

Icel married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502288 i. CNEBBA -[28383] (died on an unknown date)

527981761004672. Buidic I (Emyr Llydaw) King Of The BRETONS-[59577],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Aldroenus King Of The BRETONS -[59578] and Nn. RUSTICUS -[59579], died in 513.

Buidic married Elen Of BRITAIN -[40380] [MRIN:24880] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

263990880502336 i. Hoel I Mawr King Of The BRETONS -[59576] (born about 491 - died in 545)

263990880502345 ii. Alienor -[40495] (died)

527981761004673. Elen Of BRITAIN-[40380],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Uther Pendragon King In BRITAIN -[40382] and Eigiyr Verch AMLAWDD -[40381], died.

Elen married Buidic I (Emyr Llydaw) King Of The BRETONS -[59577] [MRIN:24880] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761004674. Riotham Ap Deroch Prince Of The DUMNONII-[57027],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Deroch I Ap Gwydal Prince Of The DUMNONII -[57018], was born in 435.

Riotham married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502337 i. St. Alma Pompea Of The DUMNONII -[56985] (born about 485)

527981761004678. Afallach -[56615] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born about 470 and died.

Afallach married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502339 i. Gwallwen Verch AFALLACH -[57806] (born about 500 - died)

527981761004690. Buidic I (Emyr Llydaw) King Of The BRETONS-[59577],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Aldroenus King Of The BRETONS -[59578] and Nn. RUSTICUS -[59579], died in 513.

Buidic married Elen Of BRITAIN -[40380] [MRIN:24880] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761004691. Elen Of BRITAIN-[40380],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Uther Pendragon King In BRITAIN -[40382] and Eigiyr Verch AMLAWDD -[40381], died.

Elen married Buidic I (Emyr Llydaw) King Of The BRETONS -[59577] [MRIN:24880] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761005568. Cateyrn (Katigern) Ap VORTIGERN-[57830],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern) Gwrtheneu Ap GWIDOL -[57838] and Sereva Verch Macsen WLEDIG -[28432], was born in 390.

Cateyrn married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502784 i. Cadell Ddyrnllug Ap CATEYRN -[57841]

527981761005574. Tudwal Ap GWRFAWR MORFA-[33060],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Gwrfawr Morfa Ap GADEON -[33061], died.

Tudwal married Gratian Verch MACSEN WLEDIG -[33058] [MRIN:19853] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880502787 i. Prawst Verch TUDWAL -[33057] (born about 400 - died)

527981761005575. Gratian Verch MACSEN WLEDIG-[33058],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Macsen WLEDIG -[57832] and Elen Ceidrech Verch RHEIDEN -[57835], died.

Gratian married Tudwal Ap GWRFAWR MORFA -[33060] [MRIN:19853] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761005576. Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT-[54068],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Tehvant Ap URBAN -[54064], was born in 350 and died in 420 at age 70.

General Notes: Made famous in the childrens nursery rhyme; Old King Cole was a merry oldsoul. First King in Northern Britain.

Noted events in his life were:

• Title (Facts Pg): King Of North Britain.

Coel married Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON -[57676] [MRIN:32120] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761005577. Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON-[57676],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 daughter of Cadfan Ap Cynan Of DUMNONIA -[28449], was born in 374 and died on an unknown date.

Ysfrawel married Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT -[54068] [MRIN:32120] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761007616. Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN-[54045],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Edeyrn (Eternus) Ap PADARN -[54034], was born in 386 in Cardigan, Wales and died in 414 in North Wales ^³² at age 28.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1750, 1751; AF; History of Morgan Family.
History: Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of thefamily.
K: Cunnedda Guoledic, King of Manau, Guotodin, North Britain.
AF calls him Duke of the Britains.
****** Gwriad....m. Eithyllt, dau of Cynan (d.816) ap Rhodri Molwynog (d. 754) ap Idwal ap Cadwaladr (d. 664),great-grandson of Maelgwn Gwynedd, the "Island Dragon" of Gildas'sChronicle (d. 547), great-grandson of Cunedda Wledig (the Ruler).Cunedda, named in 7th and 10th century pedigrees, where he is styled "apEydern (Eternus) ap Padarn Beisrudd (Paternus of the Red Robe) ap Tegid(Tacitus)" was apparently a Romanised Brythonic Christian chieftain,whose title and territorial origins suggest the Dux Britanniarium orofficer in charge of Hadrian's Wall. He, too, was from the North, anddrove the Scots (i.e. the Irish) from Gwynedd, ca. 429. His namesurvives in Alit Cunedda (Cunedda's Hill) near Kidwelly. [Source 1]

"According to the ninth-century Welsh historian Nennius in his"Historia Brittonum," about the year 400 A.D. a band of Scots led byCunedda Wledig and his eight sons moved into northern Wales as the RomanLegions withdrew to expel invaders from Ireland who had settled in thearea. He established the Royal Dynasty of Gwynedd and consolidated theKingdom of Wales. Over the next several centuries the Scots married intothe remaining Irish and local Welsh populations and established most ofthe Welsh dynasties, including the Morgans."
"The kingdom was divided into a number of smaller kingdoms by theheirs of Cunedda Wledig. He married Gwawl, who was the daughter of CoelHen, the granddaughter of Tehvant, and the great-granddaughter of Urban.They had sons Gwen, the grandfather of King Arthur, and Einion Yrth.(The present-day area of Wales called Cardigan is named for CuneddaWledig)." [Source 2]

Cunedda was the first to head the Gwynedd branch of the family.

SOURCES:
1. Burke, Sir Bernard, C.B., LL.D., Ulster King of Arms. _LandedGentry_
(entry for Powell), page 577.
2. Morgan, Dennis. _A History of the Morgan Family_.

Cunedda married Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG -[54079] [MRIN:32337] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761007617. Gwawl Verch Coel GODEBOG-[54079],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 daughter of Coel Hen Godebog Ap TEHVANT -[54068] and Ysfrawel Verch Cadfan GADRON -[57676], was born in 388.

Gwawl married Cunedda Wledig Ap EDEYRN -[54045] [MRIN:32337] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761007618. Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc-[28441],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Anlach MACCORMAC -[49556] and Marchell Verch TEWDRIG -[49567], was born in 419 and died in 450 at age 31.

General Notes: 1 NAME Brychan /Brycheiniog/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT. 450 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

Born in Ireland but soon his parents moved to Wales. Was the King ofGarthmadryn, which was later called Brecknockafter him. Many of hischildren had the reputation of great sanctity and preached the Gospel tothe Britions who had relapsed into paganism [De La Pole.FTW]

Brychan Brycheiniog was the King of Garthmadryn, which was later calledBrycheiniog or Brecknock after him. He began his reign about 400, anddied about 450. He married and had numerous issue. Many of his childrenhad the reputation of great sanctity and preached the Gospel to theBritons who had relapsed into paganism.

SOURCES:
Source not indicated.

Saint married RIBRAWST -[57645] [MRIN:15892] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Saint next married Prawst Verch TUDWAL -[33057] [MRIN:15893] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527981761007619. RIBRAWST -[57645],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern) Gwrtheneu Ap GWIDOL -[57838] and Sereva Verch Macsen WLEDIG -[28432], died on an unknown date.

RIBRAWST married Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc -[28441] [MRIN:15892] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527981761021952. Cyngar Ap VOTEPORIX King Of Dyfed-[57623],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Gwerthefyr (Voteporix) Ap Aergul LAWHIR King Of Dyfed -[57621], was born about 510 ^³² and died.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Source: AF.
AF: Cingar ap Guertepir. Birth date.
***** SOURCES:
1. Bartrum, Peter C. _Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400_. University ofWales
Press, 1978; page 20 (Dyfed). Cyngar ap Voteporix.

Cyngar married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880510976 i. Pedr Ap CYNGAR King Of Dyfed -[57624] (born about 540 - died)

527981761021968. Rigenew Ap Rhein King Of BRYCHEINIOG-[49550],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Rhein Dremrydd King Of BRYCHEINIOG -[49551], was born about 480.

Rigenew married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263990880510984 i. Llywarch Ap RIGENEW King Of Brycheiniog -[49549] (born about 520)

527982816925888. Cluim Clemens Ap CURSALEN-[28611],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Cursalen Ap FER -[28612], was born in 300 and died.

Cluim married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991408462944 i. Cinhil Quintillus Ap CLUIM -[28610] (born in 325 - died on an unknown date)

527982816926208. Bernic Of SCANDINAVIA-[41720],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Brand Of SCANDINAVIA -[57183], was born in 315 and died.

Bernic married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991408463104 i. Aloc Of SCANDINAVIA -[41719] (born in 345 - died)

527982818000896. Cerdic King Of WESSEX King, W. Saxons-[35640],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Elesa Of SAXONY -[57120], was born about 467 in Wessex, England and died in 535 in Wessex, England at age 68.

General Notes: 1 NAME Cerdic of /Saxony/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 467 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE 534 2 SOUR S033320 3DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Ancestral Roots, Line 1-1; RC 233; Kirby; Kings and Queens ofBritain; Kraentzler 1664, 1674; Helm; Kings, Queens, Bones and Bastardsby David Hilliam.
Roots: Cerdic, King of the West Saxons, 519-534, was a Saxonearldorman who founded a settlement on the coast of Hampstead, England,in 495. He assumed the title of King of the West Saxons in 519 and becamethe ancestor of the English royal line. "A.D. 495. This year came twoleaders into Britain, Cerdic and Cynric, his son, with 5 ships....519.This year Cerdic and Cynric undertook the government of the West Saxons;the same year they fought with the Britons at a place called Charford.From that day have reigned the children of the West Saxon kings. 530.They conquered the isle of Wight...534. This year died Cerdic, the firstking of the West Saxons. Cynric his son succeeded to the government, andreigned afterwards 26 winters." (ASC, text by Ingram, Everyman's edition.See the following dates: 495, 519, 530, 854; CCN 230). (See TrelawneyDayrell Reed, The Rise of Wessex, chart p. 31, gens. 1-8. This alsodiscusses Cerdic's parentage.
RC: Cerdic, of ancient Saxony, King of the West Saxons, 519-534.Invaded Hampshire in 496.
Hilliam: Cerdic, first King of Wessex, reigned 519-534.
K: Cerdic.
Helm: Cerdic, the fifth-century founder of Wessex.

NOTE: RC says two noted researchers [apparently including Weis'Ancestral Roots] do not take this line above Cerdic. But others acceptit.

Cerdic married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991409000448 i. Crioda Prince Of WESSEX -[31106] (born about 493 in Wessex, England - died in 584)

527982820852736. Frode II "The Pacific" King Of DENMARK-[28070],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Danus Mykillati King Of Scandia & DENMARK -[28080] and Olufa Queen Of JUTLAND AND ZEALAND -[28071], was born in 364 and died on an unknown date.

The married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991410426368 i. Halfdan King Of DENMARK -[28069] (born in 390 - died on an unknown date)

527982820852882. Valentinian (Flavius Valentinianus) I Emperor Of ROME-[27339],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Gratian -[27653], was born in 321 in Cibalis In Southern Pannonia and died on 17 Nov 375 in Brigetio, Pannonia Inferior at age 54.

General Notes: 1 NAME Flavius /Valentinianus/

Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. There was apower vacuum after the death of Julian, last ruler of the Neo-Flavianline. His immediate successor Jovian did not really survive long enoughto leave his stamp on late Roman society. In general terms, Valentinian’schallenge was to hold together an empire that had experienced sixty yearsof internal unrest, something which was of major import. His provincialorigins and Nicene Christianity put him at odds with the senatorialnobility in the west. Furthermore, he had to deal with the increasingregionalism of the empire, especially in Gaul, Britain, and Africa. EarlyLife Valentinian, whose full name was Flavius Valentinianus, was born inA.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His fatherGratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills.Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officerto tribune, to comes Africae, and finally comes Britanniae. He wassuspected of graft while comes Africae, but nothing was ever proven.After he retired, Constantius II (337-60) confiscated his estates becausehe was suspected of having been a supporter of Magnentius. Gratian’salleged affiliation with Magnentius apparently did not keep Valentinianor his younger brother Valens from being able to enter the military, butit may have contributed to some early trouble for Valentinian.Valentinian embarked upon a military career, and, like his father, becamea victim of imperial politics. In 357 he was tribune of cavalry underJulian, Constantius II's Caesar in the west. In the intrigues surroundingJulian and Constantius, Valentinian and a colleague were accused ofundermining operations, and Constantius dismissed them from the service.Valentinian was married twice. His first wife, Severa, died some timeafter giving birth to Valentinian’s first son Gratian in 359, andValentinian married Justina, by whom he had Valentinian II, and twodaughters, Galla and Justa. When Julian died, Valentinian was recalled tomilitary service by Jovian. Upon his accession, Jovian sent Procopius, anotarius, and Memoridus to Gaul and Illyricum to install hisfather-in-law Lucillianus, in retirement at Sirmium, as magister equitumet peditum. Lucillianus in turn was to journey to Milan and secureJovian’s power in Italy and Gaul. Jovian supposedly gave Lucillianussecret instructions to handpick a select cadre of supporters. Two ofthese men were Valentinian and Seniauchus. One of this group’s missionswas to displace Jovinus, Julian’s magister armorum per Gallias, withMalarichus, a retired soldier and supporter of Jovian living in Italy. Inaddition they were to visit as many governors and military commanders aspossible and announce the successful end of the Persian campaign andJovian's succession. Malarichus, however, refused his commission, andLucillianus traveled on to Rheims where he began examining the accountsof one of Julian’s officials. The official (not named in extant sources)fled to the army in Gaul and spread rumors that Julian was still aliveand that Lucillianus was a rebel. In the riot that broke out, Seniauchusand Lucillianus were killed, and Valentinian barely escaped through thehelp of his friend Primitivus. By this time, Jovian had sent someadditional soldiers who secured peace in Gaul. As a result Valentinianwas promoted to command of the second Scutarii division.

Valentinian's Accession Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently ofnatural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The armymarched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meetingof civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. Thenames of Aequitius, a tribune of the first Scutarii, and Januarius, arelative of Jovian’s in charge of military supplies in Illyricum, werebandied about. Both were rejected, Aequitius as too brutal, Januariusbecause he was too far away. The assembly finally agreed uponValentinian, and sent messengers to inform him, as he had been leftbehind at Ancyra with his unit. While awaiting the arrival ofValentinian, Aequitius and Leo, another Pannonian in charge ofdistributing supplies to the soldiers of Dagalaifus, magister equitum,managed to keep the “fickle” (mobilitas) soldiers from choosing anotheremperor. Valentinian arrived in Nicaea on 24 February 364, the bisextileday. This day was used every four years by the Romans to balance thecalendar much as we use the modern leap year day: the sixth day (countinginclusively) before the first of March was counted twice. According toAmmianus, this day was considered an ill-omened day to begin any newproceedings, so Valentinian put off his official acceptance until the dayafter the bisextile. Furthermore, the prefect Salutius declared that noofficial business could be conducted on the repeated day. The holidaywould have prevented any attempt to name another emperor beforeValentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As heprepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot,apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassuredthem that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent acrisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick aco-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded byValentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperialauthority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construedas a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in theeastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, heassured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority wouldremain in the east to protect their interests.

After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting himin charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens asco-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done overthe objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, thatValens was clearly subordinate to his brother. The remainder of 364 wasspent dividing up administrative duties and military commands.Valentinian retained the services of Jovinus and Dagalaifus, and promotedAequitius to comes Illyricum. In addition, he promoted Serenianus, aretired soldier and fellow Pannonian, to command of the domesticorumscholae. Several sources mention the division of administrative spheresbetween the two brothers, but Ammianus is the most specific. According toAmmianus, Valens was given the Prefecture of the Orient, governed bySalutius, while Valentinian gained control of the Prefecture of the Gaulsand the Prefecture of Italy, Africa, and Illyricum. These latter threeareas were put together as one administrative unit under control of theprefect Mamertinus. Valens resided in Constantinople, while Valentinian’scourt was at Milan.

Roman Society under Valentinian Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modernscholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He isgenerally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by“. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperialdefense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set thecourse of Roman history for the next century. Valentinian deliberatelypolarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to themilitary. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorialnobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of amilitary court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were newideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. Bythis it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat ofnobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With theerosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy ofChristianity. At the same time, the empire was becoming more and more ofa bureaucracy, with the emperor delegating authority to a chain ofofficials. These officials did not always perform their job well and, asa result, the provincial populations became increasingly alienated fromthe imperial government. They were crushed under the increasing burden oftaxation, and often the emperor, through his delegates, failed to providethe security for which the provincials' tribute was paying. Valentinian,Christianity, and Legislation Unlike his brother Valens, Valentinianrefused to become embroiled in the religious controversies of the time.Ammianus praised Valentinian for his religious neutrality. Valentinianrefused to get involved in the Arian controversy of the east, dismissinga deputation of eastern Nicene bishops who appealed to him to controlValens. Valentinian did, however, take a harsh stand against two of theheretical movements that had grown during the past century in the west.In 372 he forbade gatherings of Manichees in the city of Rome. Suchassemblies were to result in the death of the leaders, the exile of theothers, and confiscation of the property of all involved. In addition heofficially condemned Donatist bishops in Africa in 373. Theecclesiastical sources for this period generally have a favorable opinionof Valentinian. Jerome speaks in glowing terms, saying “Valentinian wasan excellent emperor in most cases and similar in character to Aurelian,save only that certain people interpreted his excessive strictness andparsimony as cruelty and greed.” Socrates and Orosius took the story ofhis dismissal from the military by Constantius II and turned him into amartyr of sorts. According to Sozomen, Valentinian was dismissed from themilitary by Julian, instead of Constantius II, for refusing to perform apagan ritual at a pagan shrine. Less accurately, Theoderet, Sozomen, andSocrates praised Valentinian for installing Ambrose as bishop of Milan.Ambrose’s predecessor, Auxentius, had been an Arian.

Valentinian, however, was not uniformly friendly towards Christianity.For example, he ordered Symmachus, praefectus urbi of Rome in 365, to putto death and confiscate the property of any Christians who becamecustodians of temples. It seems, however, that much of his legislationconcerning Christians was driven by fiscal motives, rather than any realconcern with religious doctrine. Any Manichees caught under the lawcontributed their property to the fisc, and the condemnation of theDonatists could really be seen as a condemnation of those who inhibitedthe collection of taxes from the African provinces. In other examples,Valentinian addressed a law to Damasus, Pope of Rome in 370, whichforbade ecclesiastics to marry widows or female wards of the state. Thepurpose of this law was to stop churchmen from obtaining the wealth ofsuch women through inheritance. On the other hand, Valentinian appears tohave given Christians special privileges. For example, in 370 he upheld alaw of Constantius II that exempted professed Nicene Christians in theAfrican provinces from obligatory municipal duties. Similarly, a law waspassed in 371 that those in the city of Rome who could prove that theywere ecclesiastics before the accession of Valentinian were exempt frommunicipal services.

Revenues lost by these measures had to be made up from other sources, andValentinian sought them from the senatorial order. In a law promulgatedon 18 October 365 in Paris and reaching Carthage on 18 January 366,Valentinian ordered Dracontius, vicarius Africae, to send out men tocollect taxes from those African estates which were owned by Romansenators. This law was in keeping with Valentinian’s general hostility tothe senatorial order.

Initially, it seemed that Valentinian actively sought to pacify the paganaristocracy at Rome by retaining the title pontifex maximus and bypassing legislation confirming toleration of the pagan practice ofdivination. In 371, however, he sanctioned a purge of the nobility by thepraefectus annonae Maximinus, whom he temporarily elevated to the officeof urban prefect for this purpose. Members of the aristocracy werebrought before Maximinus and Valentinian’s old friend Leo on charges suchas using magic, using poison, and adultery. Punishments ranged from exileto death. Ammianus cites many such cases, including those of the senatorsCethegus, killed for adultery, and Paphius and Cornelius, prosecuted andexecuted for using poison. The scale of Maximinus’ prosecutions was suchthat even children were tried. One Alypius, whom Ammianus describes asnobilis adulescens, was exiled for an offense Ammianus does not specify(and thus implies was trumped up), while Lollianus, son of the ex-prefectLampadius, was sentenced to exile for writing a book concerning thedestructive use of magic (noxiarum artium). Lampadius appealed toValentinian, who turned the case over to Phalangius, governor of Baetica,who sentenced Lollianus to death.

Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of asystematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of thesenatorial aristocracy. It was at the request of Maximinus thatValentinian abrogated the right of persons of senatorial rank to appealcases to the emperor, a right that had already been strictly curtailedduring the reign of Ampelius, Maximinus’ predecessor as urban prefect. Hedid this by treating as treasonous such acts as adultery, use of magic,and poisoning. He also empowered Maximinus to use torture to extractconfessions from the accused. As with Lollianus, the appeals that wereheard often resulted in a harsher punishment than the original sentence.

Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige. In a law of364, Valentinian decreed that the equites now ranked in prestige onlybehind the senatorial order. In addition, these equites were exempt fromthe more onerous forms of compulsory service and senatorial taxes.Furthermore, a second law issued in 367 gave members of the imperialcourt the same privileges as senators. This law also established thatdischarged comites and tribunes could become senators.

In July of 372, Valentinian sent several pieces of legislation toAmpelius, praefectus urbi of Rome, putting members of the imperial courtand the military on equal footing with those who occupied places in thecivil administration. First, magistri peditum and magistri equitum wereto be of equal social prestige to praetorian prefects. In addition,quaestors, magistri officiorum, the comes sacrarum largitionum, the comesrerum privatarum, comites rei militaris, and magistri equitum outrankedproconsular governors. Finally, any member of the imperial courtoutranked vicarii.

Ammianus also observes that Valentinian’s main goal was to raise theprestige of the military. Zosimus confirms this by stating thatValentinian promoted many officers, and modified the system of taxcollection so that the army got its supplies more quickly. Valentinianissued several laws expressly intended to make the collection of taxeseasier. In 367, Valentinian instructed Probus that tax payments in kindcould now be made in three installments per annum or all at once. Inaddition, Valentinian raised the standard exactions. This increase intaxation alienated the provincials.

The African provinces illustrate this effect of Valentinian’s taxpolicies. When Romanus, as the military representative of the imperialgovernment, came to power in 363, he began exploiting the provincials inthe African diocese. When they refused to meet his exorbitant demands, heleft them to the vagaries of such peoples as the Austoriani. In addition,when Valentinian sent Palladius, a tribune and notarius, to investigate,Romanus split the stolen tax revenue with him to prevent Palladius fromreporting his misconduct to Valentinian. As a result of Romanus’ actions,the provincials balked at paying any taxes. The fact that Valentinian hadto resend the law directly to Dracontius, the vicarius of Africa in 367,confirms that the government was having a hard time in collecting itstribute. Valentinian was very distressed by the situation, dispatchingthe notarius Neoterius, the protector domesticus Masaucio, andGaudentius, a tribune of the Scutarii, to Africa in 365. Theodosius tooksteps to ameliorate the situation upon his arrival, declaring that theprovincials did not have to supply his army. He would take any supplieshe needed from the supporters of Firmus.

In addition, when Valentinian came to Pannonia in 375, the provincialstook the opportunity to complain bitterly about the oppression they hadsuffered under Probus, praetorian prefect for the region. According toAmmianus, the taxation was so onerous in Pannonia that many of theleading nobles fled, were imprisoned for debt, or killed themselves.There may have been similar unrest in Gaul, for Ammianus reported thatthere was an outbreak of civil unrest among the provincials there in 369,although he gives no details. Scholars such as Raymond Van Dam see suchprovincial outbreaks as signs that the imperial system was devolving tothe local level.

Assessment of Valentinian's Reign Valentinian's reign affords valuableinsights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First,there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions ofthe empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate hisresources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in thepartnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, bothChristian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was agrowing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and theinability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in allareas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the nextcentury, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.

Noted events in his life were:

• AKA: Flavius Valentianus.

Valentinian married Iustina Of ROME -[27340] [MRIN:14782] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982820852883. Iustina Of ROME-[27340],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Licinianus Of ROME -[48734], was born about 338.

Iustina married Valentinian (Flavius Valentinianus) I Emperor Of ROME -[27339] [MRIN:14782] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982820852898. Maximianus Herculeus Emperor Of ROME-[50676] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born about 235 and died about 310 in Marseilles at age 75.

General Notes: BIOGRAPHY: Maximianus Herculius' Early Career Perhaps born ca. 249/250A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius ValeriusMaximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius, had been asoldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with theEmperorDiocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelianand Probus. He may have served under Carus in Mesopotamia in 283 and itwas likely that he was with his future co-ruler Diocletian when thelatter was proclaimed emperor at Nicomedeia on 20 November 284. His wifeEutropia bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter,Theodora, may have been a step daughter.

BIOGRAPHY: Herculius' Family Connections When the Emperor Diocletiandetermined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on hisown, he made Maximianus his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rankof Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in theEast, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and tostrengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed ConstantiusI Chlorus to serve Herculius as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius didthe same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", wasmeant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors'rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to thethrone once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem whichhad bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. Tocement the relationship between Herculius and his Caesar, Constantiusmarried Maximianus' elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius'son Constantine would marry Herculius' younger daughter Fausta.

BIOGRAPHY: Herculius' Military Activities To a large degree, Herculiusspent the early years of his reign engaging in lackluster campaigning.Although he was able to quell the Bagaudae fairly easily in 286, it waswith some measure of difficulty that he put down a German invasion ofGaul in the fall of the same year. Additionally, he appointed Carausiusto command his navy and to defeat the pirates; because of certainfinancial irregularities that had occurred during his successful tour,Carausius revolted and declared himself emperor. Britain and the northernpart of Gaul sided with the usurper. On his own, Maximanus was unable torepress him; he and his Praetorian Prefect Constantius attempted to dealwith both the on-going problem of Carausius and the continued Germanicincursions of his realm. As soon as Constantius was appointed Caesar in293, he recovered northern Gaul after he defeated Carausius near Bononiaand repressed any sparks of rebellion in the region. It was not until296, however, that the Caesar was able to recover Britain by defeatingCarausius' successor Allectus; while he campaigned in Britain, Maximianusstood watch on the Rhine. Between 297 and 299 the Augustus seems to havefought the Moors in Spain and taken the offensive against African tribesin the general area of Carthage. The emperor appears to have spent theremainder of his reign in a state of indolence in Milan or Aquileia andwas content to allow Constantius to shoulder the real burdens of stateincluding, among other things, the German threat.

BIOGRAPHY: In political matters, the emperor and his Caesar were verydifferent. Maximianus was allegedly very heavy handed when dealing withmembers of the Roman Senate, whereas his Caesar's relationship with thepatricians was apparently fairly good. Surprisingly, when faced with theedicts which provided the legal foundation for the "Great Persecution" in303, both Maximianus Herculius and Constantius seem to have been moremoderate in their dealings with Christians than Diocletian and Galeriuswho rigorously enforced the laws in the Eastern portion of the empire.The Caesar limited his actions to the demolition of churches.

BIOGRAPHY: Maximianus' Resignation On 1 May 305 Diocletian, atNicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselvesof the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatalillness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletianseems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculiushad sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out theterms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed asAugusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retiredemperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was atSalonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania orCampania.

BIOGRAPHY: Herculius' Swansong Herculius' retirement, however, was ofshort duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regimean aura of legitimacy, Maximianus was forced to affirm his son'sacclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sentSeverus against him with an army that had formerly been under hisfather's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again towin over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps tostrengthen his own position, in 307 he went to Gaul and married hisdaughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to becomeembroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Herculiusreturned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he didnot succeed. When he was unable to convince Diocletian to take up thepurple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to hisson-in-law's side in Gaul. Although he was treated with all of therespect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than afigurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when hisson-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of hisarmy into enemy territory, Maximianus proclaimed himself again emperorand paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure theirloyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximianus' revolt inJuly 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-lawcould mount a defense of the city. Although Maximianus fled to Massilia,his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximianus prisoner. Although hewas deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unableto endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantinemurdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughterFausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to herhusband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximianus wasdead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of hisintended victim.

Maximianus married Eutropia -[55422] [MRIN:21617] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

263991410426449 i. Flavia Maxima FAUSTA -[50672] (born about 289 - died in 326)

ii. Theodora Of ROME -[35463] was born about 250 and died.

527982820852899. Eutropia -[55422],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Flavius EUTROPIUS -[50678] and Claudia CRISPINA -[50679], was born about 235 and died in 325 at age 90.

Eutropia married Maximianus Herculeus Emperor Of ROME -[50676] [MRIN:21617] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982820852928. Wisimar King Of The HERULI-[50597],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Alberic I King Of The HERULI -[50613], died about 340.

Wisimar married Amalasunta Of SAXONY -[50606] [MRIN:30655] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991410426464 i. Miecislaus Of The VANDALS King Of Heruli -[50590] (born about 320 in Germany - died about 388)

527982820852929. Amalasunta Of SAXONY-[50606] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Amalasunta married Wisimar King Of The HERULI -[50597] [MRIN:30655] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982820852960. Walaravens Prince Of The GOTHS-[48857],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Vultwulf Prince Of The GOTHS -[48858], was born in 316.

General Notes: 1 NAME /Valervans/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan17, 2001

Walaravens married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991410426480 i. Winithar King Of The OSTROGOTHS -[48847] (born in 345 - died in 420)

527982820861952. Snaer Jokulsson King Of FINLAND-[57475],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Jokull FROSTASSON -[58263], was born in 272 and died.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 166; Kraentzler 1695.

Snaer married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

i. Driva SNAERSSON -[57501] was born about 302 in , Finland.³²

263991410430976 ii. Thorri SNAERSSON -[43088] (born about 320 in Raumsdahl, Norway - died)

527982822201448. Mundzuk, Prince Of The HUNS-[57279],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Balamir, King Of The HUNS -[57280], was born about 377 in Romania and died.

Mundzuk, married Irene COMNENA -[57289] [MRIN:28252] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411100724 i. Attila "The Scourge Of God" The HUN King Of The Huns -[46206] (born in 392 - died in 454)

527982822201449. Irene COMNENA-[57289] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 died.

Irene married Mundzuk, Prince Of The HUNS -[57279] [MRIN:28252] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982822201450. Constantius III Emperor Of The ROME-[50665],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Constantius (Flavius Julius Constantius) II Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE -[50669] and Eusebia Major -[57744], was born about 360 and died in 421 ^³² at age 61.

General Notes: 1 NAME Constantius III of /Rome/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 350 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1794; AF.

Constantius married Aelia Galla PLACIDA -[59589] [MRIN:28253] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982822201451. Aelia Galla PLACIDA-[59589],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Theodosius I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[48745] and GALLA -[50668], was born in 390 and died on 27 Nov 450 at age 60.

General Notes: 1 NAME /Placida/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17,2001 1 NAME Galla /Placida/, Regent of Rome 1 NAME Nn. of the Saxon/Shores/ 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 355 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1794; AF.

Aelia married Constantius III Emperor Of The ROME -[50665] [MRIN:28253] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Aelia next married Eudes (Euidaf) Warlord Of The GEWISSI -[59591] [MRIN:34205] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982822203392. Dagobert II Duke Of The East FRANKS-[49143],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Genebald Duke Of The FRANKS -[49153], was born in 300 and died in 379 ^³² at age 79.

General Notes: 1 NAME Dagobert II of the East /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1773, 1809; Pfafman.
K-1809: Dagobert II, King of the East Franks.
Pfafman: Dagobert II, Duke of the East Franks 358-379. Died 379.

Dagobert married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411101696 i. Clodius IV Duke Of The East FRANKS -[49133] (born in 324 - died in 389)

527982822203400. Clodius IV King Of The FRANKS-[49018],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Theodomir King Of The FRANKS -[49027], was born in 310 and died in 358 at age 48.

General Notes: 1 NAME Clodius V of the /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE 378 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Pfafman. Pfafman: King of Franks. Died 378.

Clodius married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411101700 i. Dagobert II King Of The Salic FRANKS -[49007] (born in 325 - died in 389)

527982822203552. Godomar Of BURGUNDY-[27350],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Gibica King Of BURGUNDY -[27343] and Krimhild -[33994], was born about 335.

Godomar married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411101776 i. Giolahaire (Giolahainede) Of BURGUNDY -[27347] (born about 360)

527982822203556. Hrothisteus Of The West GOTHS-[27991],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Geberich Of The West GOTHS -[27992], died.

Hrothisteus married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411101778 i. Atanarich King Of The West GOTHS -[27990] (died in 381)

527982822203568. Pharamond King Of WESTPHALIA-[48984],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Marcomir Duke Of The East FRANKS -[49122], was born in 370 and died in 427 at age 57.

General Notes: 1 NAME Pharamond of the /Franks/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE BEF. 404 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 DEAT 2 DATE 430 2 SOUR S033320 3DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1772; Collins; AF; Pfafman.
Pfafman: Duke of East Franks, 404. King of West Franks, 419. King ofWestphalia, 430. Died 430.
K: Pharamond. Elected King of the West Franks. Established the SaliqueLaw. First King of the Franks. Also King of the Salistian Franks. Died427-430.

Pharamond married Argotta Princess Of The Salic FRANKS -[48992] [MRIN:18834] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982822203569. Argotta Princess Of The Salic FRANKS-[48992],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Genebald King Of The Salic FRANKS -[49001], was born in 376 and died in 438 at age 62.

General Notes: 1 NAME Argotta (Argote) /de Cambray/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXTDate of Import: Jan 17, 2001 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT. 406 2 SOUR S033320 3DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1772, 1777; Collins; AF; Pfafman.
Collins/Pfafman: Argotta, Mother of all kings of France.
K: Argote/Argotta de Cimbres (Cambray).

Argotta married Pharamond King Of WESTPHALIA -[48984] [MRIN:18834] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982822203572. Winithar King Of The OSTROGOTHS-[48847],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Walaravens Prince Of The GOTHS -[48857], was born in 345 and died in 420 at age 75.

General Notes: 1 NAME Winithar (Wandilar) of the /Ostrogoths/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4TEXT Date of Import: Jan 17, 2001

Winithar married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982822203576. SenatorAnthemius Praetorian Prefect Of The East-[55732],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Procopius I, Emperor Of ROME -[56618], died after 414.

Anthemius married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411101788 i. Procopius II -[27735] (born before 366 - died after 420)

527982822203582. Flavius Arcadius Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE-[27746],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Theodosius I "The Great" Emperor Of ROME -[48745] and Aelia Flavia FLACILLA -[27336], was born in 377 and died on 1 May 408 at age 31.

General Notes: 1 NAME Arcadius Emperor of /Constantinople/ 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 401

Introduction and Early Life The ineffectual life and reign of FlaviusArcadius are of considerably less importance than the quite significantdevelopments that occurred during his reign. Born either in 377 or 378 tothen general Theodosius and Aelia Flavia Flacilla, he and his youngerbrother, Honorius, ruled the eastern and western halves of the RomanEmpire respectively from 395.

Shortly after his birth, his father was raised to the imperial purple in379. Events in Illyricum with the massive influx of Ostrogothic andVisigothic peoples had resulted in the defeat of the Roman army and thedeath of the emperor, Valens. Theodosius' first task was to confront theVisigoths who had been ravaging the Balkans. Perhaps in the wake of thisdifficult and almost insurmountable task, the emperor wanted to insurethat his infant son would bear some legitimacy should he die on campaign.Whatever the reason, Arcadius was proclaimed Augustus in January of 383at the age of five or six. In the following year, his younger brother wasborn and it seems as if Theodosius initially had been interested inpreserving the theoretical position of his elder son. While Arcadiusenjoyed the status of Augustus, Honorius only achieved the office ofconsul posterior in 386. Perhaps the eastern emperor had wanted to avoidthe possible conflicts that arose earlier in the century with the familyof Constantine. Recent events in the west with the assassination ofGratian by Magnus Maximus may have also played a part: Theodosiusinitially had to leave the murder of his imperial colleague unavenged andleave the boy- emperor, Valentinian II, largely undefended. The profusionof emperors may well have been seen by Theodosius as kindling for civilwar. His own autocratic tendencies may have also meant that he saw onlyone possible successor for himself.

Nevertheless, Theodosius gave Arcadius very little independence in earlylife. When he went to campaign against Magnus in the late 380's, heplaced his son under the Praetorian Prefect of the East, Tatian, who wasthe de facto emperor in Theodosius' absence. This began a long series ofregencies for Arcadius. The strength of Tatian's position with theeastern governing class made the office of Praetorian Prefect all themore powerful in Constantinople, which in turn made it easier to dominatefuture emperors. When Theodosius replaced Tatian with the more malleableand more ambitious Rufinus in 392, he had appointed a minister who wouldcentralize even greater authority under the prefecture.

By 393, the emperor's situation had changed radically. When events in thewest demanded his attention again, Theodosius was in a much strongerposition. The ascendancy of the general, Arbogast, and his own puppetemperor, Eugenius, in the west provided Theodosius an opportunity and,indeed, the obligation to take full control of the Empire. The chance forhaving his own two sons ruling both halves of Rome not only seemedpractical and feasible, but such an arrangement would establish himselfas the head of a new dynasty. With thoughts in that direction, Honoriuswas made Augustus in 393 and accompanied his father west in the summer of394. Arcadius, although near his majority, was nevertheless placed againunder the guardianship (epitropos) of the Prefect of the East. In Januaryof 395, Theodosius the Great died and his two sons took theoreticalcontrol of the two halves of the Roman Empire.

Early Reign and the Dominance of Rufinus and Eutropius (395-399) Arcadiuswas eighteen when he assumed the throne in the east. We do not knowwhether or not he was ready for the responsibilities. During themid-380's, the young emperor had been educated in part by Themistius, afamous pagan statesman, philosopher, and speaker. In what way he affectedArcadius is impossible to say, but surely his teachings must haveincluded statecraft. Perhaps because of this influence, the new emperor'sattempt to establish himself as an independent force can be seen in aseries of laws passed at his accession. In contrast to trying to create amilitary image for himself, which would not be allowed either by Rufinusor by the eastern court, he attempted to portray himself as a piousChristian emperor. He enacted several comprehensive laws against heresyand paganism.

This was not necessarily an ineffectual strategy. By celebrating hisreligious piety, he expressed his power in the only way available to anemperor largely controlled by his ministers. He also perhaps sought togain support and power from the local governing and religious hierarchiesin Constantinople. Arcadius also perhaps thought that he was carrying onin the tradition of his father and so, by extension, might share in someof his glory. Rufinus in contrast wanted to tie himself to the emperorthrough a marriage connection to his daughter. But in April of 395,Arcadius had taken advantage of the Prefect's temporary absence to marryAelia Eudoxia, whose guardian, the general, Promotus, had been a bitterenemy of Rufinus. Arcadius had been aided in this move by his own grandchamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), Eutropius, and it perhapsindicated the degree to which he wanted to be free of any regent.

But in reality, Arcadius gained little if any power. Rufinus assumed fullcontrol of the east, and the Vandal Stilicho, Theodosius' closest advisorand general, took control of Honorius in the west. The tension betweeneast and west quickly grew when Stilicho, in command of all the easternand western armies, tried to press his guardianship over Arcadius aswell. Moreover, there was considerable resentment against Rufinus in theeast for using his office to greatly enrich himself and perhaps, too,because he was a westerner. Rufinus, understanding the perils around him,acted quickly. He had Arcadius demand the return of the eastern armies atonce. Stilicho acquiesced, perhaps because the general was basing hisclaim of guardianship on his own legitimacy: to have taken control of theeast and Arcadius by force would have undermined his position there andperhaps in the west. The soldiers returned under the command of theGothic general, Gainas. With the control of the field army, it seemed asif Rufinus was going to be more thoroughly in control of the east andover Arcadius.

He did not long enjoy his victory. When Arcadius and Rufinus came togreet the armies at Hebdoman near Constantinople in November of 395, thesoldiers turned on the Praetorian Prefect and cut him down in front ofthe emperor. Whether Stilicho instigated the assassination is a matter ofsome debate, but if he did, he received no benefit from it. The armiesremained and Arcadius soon fell under the sway of other ministers.Nevertheless, despite the shock and fear Arcadius may have felt atwitnessing such a brutal murder, he probably missed Rufinus' presence notat all and even thought it might provide an opportunity to assert his ownauthority. For the bureaucracy, the death meant that maintaining civiliancontrol over the army was paramount to their own survival.

Soon thereafter, Eutropius assumed Rufinus' place in dominating Arcadius.Since the grand chamberlain could control access to the emperor andcommanded the powerful palace bureaucracy, he was well-placed to dictatewhat and whom the emperor saw and heard. Military officers--frequentlyGermanic--who dominated the western government, were held suspect byfearful and jealous civil administrators in Constantinople. Eutropiusused that fear to his advantage and froze out any access they may havehad to the circles of power. His decision to effectively eliminate themilitary's input in decision-making would eventually lead to his demise.

It is difficult to determine how popular Eutropius was either withArcadius or with the wider population. As a eunuch and a former slave,the sources generally portray him very negatively. He nevertheless seemsto have enjoyed some support from the emperor, likely aided by Eudoxiawith whom the grand chamberlain had close ties. The emperor happily tookannual vacations in Galatia, apparently upon the Eutropius' suggestion.Moreover, the chamberlain showed great personal courage and talent inleading a campaign against invading Huns in 397/8, for which he won theconsulship and the rank of patrician in the following year of 399. Healso seems to have gained considerable support from the local clergy byprocuring the patriarchate of Constantinople in 398 for John Chrysostom.

Despite Eutropius' rise to power, however, eastern policy changed little.The religious policies of Theodosius and Arcadius continued, includingthe forced closure of pagan temples in Gaza. More significantly, tensionbetween the two halves of the empire persisted as Stilicho continued topress for his position as guardian. Although Stilicho led periodic raidsinto Greece and Thrace to attack the new Visigothic king, Alaric, hisvictories were incomplete and were more likely meant to keep the Germanicpeople out of western territory. This meant, among other things, that theVisigoths were an enduring problem for the east. Eutropius in turnsupported the revolt of the Count Gildo in Africa, which was underwestern control, in an attempt to destabilize Stilicho's control andfurther eastern domains.

The failure of the revolt in 398 was the first step in Eutropius'downfall. The decision to exclude the military men of the period,particularly among the growing importance of Germanic officers, created adangerous situation. By 399, the dissatisfaction with east-west affairsand the Gildo fiasco resulted in a revolt by the Gothic count, Tribigild.He was apparently in collusion with Gainas, who had taken advantage ofthe crisis to be named chief general in the east (magister utriusquemilitiae). Gainas quickly reached an agreement with the rebel and part ofthe settlement was the dismissal of Eutropius, to which Arcadius--atEudoxia's urging--agreed. The chamberlain took refuge in the HagiaSophia, and was exiled to Cyprus. But shortly thereafter, in the autumnof 399, Eutropius was recalled, tried and executed in Chalcedon.

The Age of Eudoxia (400-404) The death of Eutropius precipitated aserious crisis. Gainas, who had wanted high office for years, now triedto force the hand of Arcadius. Having come to a quick resolution withTribigild, he moved from Thrace towards Constantinople in 400. With theGermanic troops supporting him, Gainas tried for six months to initiatehis own primacy-- including seizing the imperial palace--but whichfailed. He was forced to withdraw personally from the city to regroup andplanned to use his troops remaining there to seize the entire city. Butthey were slaughtered by the inhabitiants and he fled first to Thrace andthen to Asia. Eventually Gainas was killed by the Huns later in thatyear. His attempted coup ensured that Germanic officers would never againbe trusted by the eastern government and would forever be kept out of anyimportant decision-making roles.

The likely successor to Eutropius had been the anti-Germanic leader,Aurelianus, who had succeeded to the Prefecture of the East in 399. ButGainas had exiled him, having forced Arcadius to hand him over, andalthough Aurelianus returned triumphantly after Gainas' departure, heappears to have lost his hold over the emperor. In the meantime, AeliaEudoxia had done much to forward her own place in the government. InJanuary of 400, she had been named Augusta, a singular distinctionoffered to only three other women in the previous century. Her positionthus gained a semi-official legitimacy afforded to very few Romanempresses. It has been assumed that because of her beauty, herintelligence, and her fecundity (she bore Arcadius five children), shewas able to assert her influence to a point where she was the new powerbehind the throne.

That assessment, while held by many scholars, is not entirely accurate.While there were several events in which she played a crucial part, theywere not terribly important moments during Arcadius' reign. But becauseEudoxia was enormously wealthy, because she delivered a male heir in 401,and because she was involved in a highly publicized and drawn outpolitical fight with John Chrysostom, this belief that there was anassumption of power is based more on the notoriety of her acts than onactual control. The fact that there was no one clearly dominating thegovernment nor the emperor during this time implies perhaps that Arcadiushad more power during these five years of his reign than at any othertime.

There are several indications that he did try to improve and assert hisown position. The emperor and his court immediately came to someunderstanding with the west. The east at the very least gave Honorius andStilicho moral support in their increasing problems with Alaric. In 402,the feeling of goodwill was sealed by a joint consulship between Arcadiusand his brother. The emperor also sought to establish his own militaryprowess and Christian piety with the erection of a column set up in theHippodrome of Constantinople in 402/3. The column depicted his militaryvictory over Gainas, crowned with a capital emblazoned with the Greekletters chi-rho, symbolizing his devotion to Christ. Arcadius' son,Theodosius II, was born in 401, and was quickly made Augustus at the ageof eight months. The eastern ruler was thus interested in assuring hisown dynasty.

In all these things, the emperor was largely successful, but they werelargely overshadowed by the feud between his empress and the bishop ofConstantinople. Eudoxia had already shown herself able in pushing herinterests during the baptism of her son. The Bishop of Constantinople,however, was a much tougher opponent than her husband. John Chrysostom, astrong believer in social justice, had boorishly attacked Eudoxia andmany of her friends for the conspicuous luxury in which they lived anddisplayed themselves. At the height of these attacks, John compared theempress to Jezebel. Eudoxia in turn used her considerable influence toinflame hostility among the clergy against the bishop. Working throughBishop Theophilus of Alexandria, in 403 Chrysostom was deposed and forcedinto exile at a Church council convened by the emperor (the Synod of theOak at Chalcedon). However, there was soon such turmoil and uproar in theimperial city that the bishop was recalled a few days later. But thepublic feuding between Eudoxia and Chrysostom continued until at last shehad him banished again in 404, this time permanently. Among other things,it caused a breach between Arcadius and his brother, who had, with PopeInnocent I, tried to support Chrysostom.

Eudoxia's victory was short-lived, however. In October of 404, theAugusta died of a miscarriage. Her death was seen by some as retributionfor dismissing John. Whatever the reason, her end also signaled acomplete retreat into the background by the emperor and no furtherinitiatives seem to have been pushed by the 27-year-old Augustus.

The Final Years: Anthemius and Death (404-408) The last years ofArcadius' reign were completely dominated by his Praetorian Prefect ofthe East, Anthemius. It was perhaps fitting that when the emperor seemsto have been most retiring, the most able and energetic of his highministers came to power. Anthemius worked hard to solve a series ofgovernmental abuses, continue to push for Christianization, and securethe east from attack.

Anthemius first seems to have tried to reconcile with the west, so muchso that there was a joint consulship between Anthemius and Stilicho in405. This might have also been meant to symbolize the Prefect's newdominance, however. Additionally, a number of new laws were passed,curtailing paganism, Judaism and heresy. He tried to make use of thecontinuing problem of incoming Germanic peoples to combat the Isauriantribes which had been plaguing Asia Minor since 403. While it failed tohalt either group's incursions, it was nevertheless a practical andintelligent strategy. As a means of protecting the imperial capital,Anthemius also strengthened the walls around Constantinople. Our recordsfor the last years of Arcadius' rule are quite spotty, but the emperorhimself seems to have completely vanished, even symbolically, from thepolitical scene.

In May of 408, Flavius Arcadius died at the age of 31 of unknown causes.Our only physical description of Arcadius is heavily influenced by thegenerally low regard in which he was held. The emperor was supposedlyshort, thin and dark-complected. A more kindly correspondent describedhim as good-natured and temperate. His son succeeded him without anycontroversy and the government remained unchanged. Arcadius thus left theworld much as he entered it: without much significance and overshadowedby more powerful forces.

Assessment Despite the ineffectual nature of Arcadius and his rule, anumber of significant changes occurred during his stewardship of theeastern empire. His inability to forcefully or at least effectivelygovern meant that there were few consistent or long-range goals of hisadministration. With the exception of trying to emphasize the emperor'spiety, an important development in the history of the Byzantine monarchy,Arcadius and his ministers were for the most part simply reacting toevents.

The emperor became an even more remote figure to the general public. Evenin the capital city itself, he was rarely seen: we read in one accountthat people came running to see the emperor for the first time when hehappened to be praying in a local church. A series of "orientalizing"court practices no doubt continued in order to emphasize the symbolicseparation of the emperor from the rest of society. The hieratic, almostsemi- divine nature of the imperial person, also became a feature of theeastern ruler.

Perhaps of greatest importance was the political and cultural splitbetween east and west. With the death of Theodosius, the two halves ofthe Roman Empire increasingly went their separate ways. For the mostpart, the west was thrown back upon its own resources, unable to dealwith the problems of the fifth century. The east proved more compact andmore resilient: it largely weathered the political storms from withoutand within.

Moreover, Constantinople fully became the imperial capital of the east, aRoma nova. The emperor rarely left the city and the palace officialsbecame more influential than many of the more theoretically importantministers outside the city. Constantinople was also made anarchepiscopate and Chrysostom and others started to push strongly for itsprimacy in the east. Both public and private building projects beautifiedand enlarged the city. Under Arcadius' reign, it truly became the secondcity of the Roman Empire.

Finally, the hard stance against Germanic officers in Roman governmentbecame a central feature in the east. While the reasons for thisdevelopment were inspired largely out of fear and perhaps racism, theeastern Roman Empire did manage to avoid the largely detrimentalsuccession of Germanic generalissimos who controlled the west in thefifth century. It also encouraged the eastern rulers in the followingcentury to take hard lines against other peoples, including theIsaurians, the Huns and the Persians. Taken in all, the era of Arcadiuswas far more important than Arcadius himself. He perhaps had his father'spretensions, but none of the skills or powers necessary to leave his markon the Empire.

Sources and Bibliography There are a number of sources that treat the ageof Arcadius. The historians Zosimus (New History), Socrates(Ecclesiastical History) and Sozomon (Ecclesiastical History) offer themost complete accounts. Additionally, Bishop Synesius of Cyrene inletters and other works (On the Kingship and On Providence) specificallyaddresses a number of the problems and issues going on in Constantinopleand the imperial court at that time. The letters and homilies of JohnChrysostom are also of enormous value and tell us more about the socialhistory of the capital than any other source. Minor accounts include theChronicon Paschale and the Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. Severalimportant saints' lives, including the Life of Porphyry, provide valuableinformation about events outside the capital. Finally, for the militaryand political organization of the Roman Empire, the Notitia Dignitatumoffers a static look at the early fifth century.

Cameron, Alan, and Long, Jacqueline (1993) Barbarians and Politics at theCourt of Arcadius (Berkeley).

Demougeot, Emilienne (1951), De l'unité‚ … la division de l'empireromain, 395-410: Essai sur la government impérial (Paris).

Holum, Kenneth (1982), Theodosian Empresses (Berkeley).

Jones, A.H.M. et al. (1970), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 1 (Cambridge).

Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1991), Barbarians and Bishops. Army, Church, andState in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford).

Martindale, J.R. (1980), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 2 (Cambridge).

Seeck, Otto (1896), "Arcadius," in RE, v. 2 (Berlin), 1137-53.

Van Ommeslaeghe, F. (1979) "Jean Chrysostome en conflit avecl'impératrice Eudoxie," Analecta Bollandiana 97, 131-59.

Copyright (C) 1998, Geoffrey S. Nathan. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact.

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Flavius married Aelia EUDOXIA -[27745] [MRIN:15183] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982822203583. Aelia EUDOXIA-[27745],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Bauto Of The FRANKS -[31415], was born about 380 and died on 6 Oct 404 at age 24.

General Notes: 1 NAME Aelia /Eudoxia/

The marriage (April 27, 395) of Arcadius toEudoxia was arranged byArcadius' corrupt minister, the eunuch Eutropius, who had supported thematch in order to undercut theposition of a political rival. But Eudoxiacame to resent being dominated by Eutropius, and in 399 she helped bringabout his downfall. The period of Eudoxia's most decisive influenceoverher ineffectual husband dates from her designation as augusta onJan.9, 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople, who attacked her andthe frivolity of her court in outspoken terms. In 404 sheexpelled himfrom his see and sent him into exile. Shortly afterward Eudoxia diedfrom a miscarriage. But she had borneArcadius four daughters and a son,who became the emperor Theodosius II (reigned 408-450). One of thedaughters, Pulcheria, was regent for Theodosius II for several years.

Aelia married Flavius Arcadius Emperor Of CONSTANTINOPLE -[27746] [MRIN:15183] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982822212864. Yazdagird II Sassanid King Of PERSIA-[50721],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Bahram V Gor Sassanid King Of PERSIA -[50722], was born about 420 and died in 457 at age 37.

General Notes: BIOGRAPHY: Yazdegerd II (fl. 5th century), king of the Sasanian dynasty(reigned 438-457), the son and successor of Bahram V.

BIOGRAPHY: Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, heremained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians andJews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and also foughtagainst the Kushans (Kusanas) and Kidarites in the east. Little else isknown of Yazdegerd's reign; he was succeeded in turn by two of his sons,Hormizd III and Firuz. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97, YAZDEGERD II]

Yazdagird married Dinak -[50720] [MRIN:30735] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411106432 i. Firuz V Sassanid King Of PERSIA -[50719] (died in 484 in Fell In Battle Against The Hephthalites; His Treasures And Family Were Captured, And The Country Was Devastated)

527982822212865. Dinak -[50720] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 died.

Dinak married Yazdagird II Sassanid King Of PERSIA -[50721] [MRIN:30735] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527982822518784. Witta Of The SAXONS King Of Saxons-[57582],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Vechta Of The SAXONS King Of Saxons -[57216], was born before 350 ^³² and died in 400 ^³² about age 50.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1675; AF. K: Witta, King of the Saxons.

Witta married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263991411259392 i. Witgilis Von ENGERN Duke -[57580] (born about 360 - died in 434)

527982826950656. Attila "The Scourge Of God" The HUN King Of The Huns-[46206],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Mundzuk, Prince Of The HUNS -[57279] and Irene COMNENA -[57289], was born in 392 and died in 454 at age 62.

The married Julia Gratia HONORIA -[46207] [MRIN:28247] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The next married Gundred Of BURGUNDY -[57278] [MRIN:28250] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The next married Kriemhilt -[57288] [MRIN:28251] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24 Kriemhilt was born about 410 in Romania and died.

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527982826950657. Gundred Of BURGUNDY-[57278] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born about 420 in France and died.

Gundred married Attila "The Scourge Of God" The HUN King Of The Huns -[46206] [MRIN:28250] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527984396337152. Fergus Mor King Of The SCOTS-[28626],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Muiredach Maceogain O'NEILL King Of Ui Neill -[59155] and Erca Marca Princess Of DAL RIATA -[28628], was born in 445 and died in 529 at age 84.

Fergus married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992198168576 i. Damangard Reti Mac Fergusso King Of The SCOTS -[28625] (born in 476 - died in 560)

527984396337154. Brion Mugmedon King Of IRELAND-[28624],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Echu Eochaid Mugmedon King Of IRELAND -[28623], died on an unknown date.

Brion married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992198168577 i. Fedelmia Princess Of IRELAND -[28621] (born in 477 - died on an unknown date)

527984396337156. Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc-[28441],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Anlach MACCORMAC -[49556] and Marchell Verch TEWDRIG -[49567], was born in 419 and died in 450 at age 31.

Saint married RIBRAWST -[57645] [MRIN:15892] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Saint next married Prawst Verch TUDWAL -[33057] [MRIN:15893] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527984396337157. RIBRAWST -[57645],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern) Gwrtheneu Ap GWIDOL -[57838] and Sereva Verch Macsen WLEDIG -[28432], died on an unknown date.

RIBRAWST married Saint Bryan Ap ANLACH King Of Brycheinniog & Brecknoc -[28441] [MRIN:15892] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527984396337158. Dumnagual Dyfnwal Hen King Of STRATHCLYDE-[41697],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Cinuit King Of STRATHCLYDE -[28607], was born in 445 and died in 530 at age 85.

Dumnagual married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

527984396338688. BAEDAN -[31385],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of MUIREDACH -[31386], died.

BAEDAN married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992198169344 i. (Malcolm) COLUIM -[31384] (died)

527984398319616. Jorund YNGVASSON-[57506],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Yngvi ALREKSSON -[57497], was born about 487 in , Sweden.^³²

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 166; Kraentzler 1671.

Jorund married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992199159808 i. Aun JORUNDSSON -[57491] (born about 509 in , Sweden)

527984400433152. Hamazasp I MAMAKONIAN-[57533],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Artashir III MAMAKONIAN -[57126], was born in 375 and died before 432 in Armenia before age 58.

Hamazasp married Sahakanoysh Souren Pahlav Of ARMENIA -[57541] [MRIN:33978] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992200216576 i. St. Hmayeak MAMAKONIAN -[57361] (born in 410 in Armenia - died on 2 Jun 451)

527984400433153. Sahakanoysh Souren Pahlav Of ARMENIA-[57541],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of St. Isaac (Sahak) I "The Great" PAHLAV King In Armenia -[57696], was born about 375 and died.

Sahakanoysh married Hamazasp I MAMAKONIAN -[57533] [MRIN:33978] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527984400433154. Vram Of ARTSRUNI-[27483] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Vram married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992200216577 i. Dzouk Of ARTSRUNI -[57436]

527984402956290. Bera II Comte DE RAZES-[48641],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Bera I Seigneur DE RAZES -[40480], was born in 630.

Bera married Gisilica Princess Of The VISIGOTHS -[48651] [MRIN:29574] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992201478145 i. Giselle DE RAZES -[48632] (born in 655 - died in 676)

527984402956291. Gisilica Princess Of The VISIGOTHS-[48651],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Fulka King Of The VISIGOTHS -[48652], was born in 637.

Gisilica married Bera II Comte DE RAZES -[48641] [MRIN:29574] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

527984415490048. Olaf "The Mild" VERMUNDSSON-[57596],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Vermund "The Wise" FRODASSON -[57594], was born about 391 in Of, Denmark ^³² and died on an unknown date.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: RC 324; Kraentzler 1684; AF. AF calls him Olaf the Mild.

The married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263992207745024 i. Dan The Proud OLAFSSON -[57592] (born about 412 in , Denmark - died on an unknown date)

527999857328128. Crimthann Macendae King Of LEINSTER-[59244],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Endae Cennselach Maclabraid LAIDECH -[59245], died in 483.

Crimthann married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263999928664064 i. Nath Maccrimthann O'CHEINNSELAIG -[59243]

527999857346560. Aed Uaridnaig O'neill King Of IRELAND-[59151],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Domnall Macmuirchertaig King Of IRELAND -[59152], died in 612.

Aed married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263999928673280 i. Mael Fithrick Macaedo Uaridnaig O'NEILL -[59150] (died in 630)

527999857360896. BLAD -[28360],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of CAS -[28361], died in 388.

BLAD married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263999928680448 i. Carthan Fionn Oge NOR -[28359] (died on an unknown date)

527999857364992. Dui Tenga Uma King Of CONNAUGHT-[28287],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Brion Of Ireland King Of CONNAUGHT -[28289], died in 502.

Dui married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

263999928682496 i. Senach King Of West CONNAUGHT -[28286] (died on an unknown date)

ii. Eochu Termchernai King Of CONNAUGHT -[28438] died in 551.

527999857375232. Muiredach Muillethan King Of CONNACHT-[59302],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Fergus Macragallach Of CONNACHT -[59303], died in 702.

Muiredach married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

263999928687616 i. Indrechtach Macmuiredach King Of CONNACHT -[59301] (died in 723)

528001436682240. Premysl Duke Of BOHEMIA-[27766] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born about 690 in Praha, Czechoslovakia and died in 745 at age 55.

Premysl married Libuse Duchess Of BOHEMIA -[27767] [MRIN:15198] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000718341120 i. Nezamysl Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27765] (born about 707 in Praha, Czechoslovakia - died in 783)

528001436682241. Libuse Duchess Of BOHEMIA-[27767],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Krok Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27768], was born about 690 in Praha, Czechoslovakia.

Libuse married Premysl Duke Of BOHEMIA -[27766] [MRIN:15198] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001537507328. Cormac Macailill O'dunlainge King Of LEINSTER-[59273],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Ailill Macdunlainge King Of LEINSTER -[59274], died in 560.

Cormac married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768753664 i. Coirpre Maccormac O'dunlainge King Of LEINSTER -[59272] (born in 500)

528001537507584. Diarmait Maccerbaill O'neill King Of IRELAND-[59212],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Fergus Cerbel Macconnail O'NEILL -[59213].

Diarmait married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768753792 i. Colman Macdiarmait O'NEILL -[59211] (died in 558)

528001537658880. Casnar WLEDIG-[57858],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Legends A Classical (Trojan) GENEALOGY -[40404].

Casnar married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829440 i. Llary Ap Casnar WLEDIG -[57843] (born 640 B.C - died)

528001537659136. Art CORP-[28446],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Caripre RIGRONN -[28447], died on an unknown date.

Art married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829568 i. Euchaid Allmiur "Oversea" Of The DESSI -[28445] (born about 270 - died on an unknown date)

528001537659264. Euderyn Ap EIFYDD-[59320],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Eifydd Ap EUDOS -[57942], died on an unknown date.

Euderyn married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829632 i. Euddigan Ap EUDEYRN -[59319] (died on an unknown date)

528001537659328. Titus FLAVIUS-[57746],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Titus Flavius SABINUS III -[57747] and Julia SABINE -[57749], was born about 160 and died on an unknown date.

Titus married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829664 i. Flavius EUTROPIUS -[50678] (born about 200)

528001537659330. Commodus Crispus Emperor Of ROME-[50681],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,36 son of Marcus Aurelius Antonius Emperor Of ROME -[50682] and Annia Galeria FAUSTINA II -[50683], was born on 31 Aug 161 in Lanuvium. Latium and died on 31 Dec 192 at age 31.

Commodus married Bruttia CRISPINA -[50680] [MRIN:30703] in 176 in Rome, Italy ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829665 i. Claudia CRISPINA -[50679] (born about 203)

528001537659331. Bruttia CRISPINA-[50680],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Marcus Aurelius CRISPIN -[57753], was born about 160.

Bruttia married Commodus Crispus Emperor Of ROME -[50681] [MRIN:30703] in 176 in Rome, Italy ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001537659332. Meric (Marius) Of BRITAIN King Of Britain-[56460],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Gweirdd Arviragus King Of SILURIA -[56654] and Venissa (Venessa) Claudia Of ROME -[57029], was born in 74 ^³² and died in 125 ^³² at age 51.

General Notes: 1 NAME Marius ap /Arfyrag/

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: AF, Kraentzler 1796, 1812; Collins, Smallwood and Blount.
Collins: King of the Britains 74-125.
K: Meric (Marius), King of Britain.

Meric married Penardun (Julia) Princess Of The ICENIANS -[59599] [MRIN:33537] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

Children from this marriage were:

i. Eurgen Ap MARIUS -[59598] was born about 107.³²

264000768829666 ii. Coel II King Of COLCHESTER -[57445] (born about 218)

528001537659333. Penardun (Julia) Princess Of The ICENIANS-[59599],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Prasutagus Of The ICENIANS King Of Iceni -[56626] and Boadicea (Victoria) Queen Of The ICENI -[56617], was born about 60 and died.

General Notes: 1 NAME N.N. of the /Icenians/ 2 SOUR S033320 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date ofImport: Jan 17, 2001

[De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Pfafman; Kraentzler 1812; Smallwood.
This connection is VERY SHAKY. Most sources say the fate of Boadicia'stwo daughters, after the Romans defeated the Iceni in 60 A.D., is notknown. Most believe they were killed in, or after, the battle--or,possibly, took poison with their mother.
Smallwood (Volume II, p. 161) says her source for this marriage is"Royal Ancestors of Magna Charta Barons" (1959) by Carr P. Collins Jr.And Pfafman cites Smallwood as one of the sources for his book. Ergo,Collins probably is the source for this information.
Kraentzler, however, in line 1812 also has Meric married to N.N.,daughter of Boadicea. He does not name Boadicea's husband, which hecertainly should have been able to find.

Penardun married Meric (Marius) Of BRITAIN King Of Britain -[56460] [MRIN:33537] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001537659334. Cadvan Of CAMBRIA Prince Of Wales-[57040] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 was born about 193 ^³² and died.

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Source: Kraentzler 1795; AF. K: Cadvan of Cambria, Prince of Wales.

Cadvan married Gladys Verch Lleuvar MAWR -[56996] [MRIN:33811] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829667 i. Strada The FAIR -[57009] (born about 223)

528001537659335. Gladys Verch Lleuvar MAWR-[56996],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 daughter of Llewfer Mawr King Of SILURIA -[59632] and Gwladys Verch EURGEN -[59597], was born about 190.^³²

General Notes: [De La Pole.FTW]

Sources: Kraentzler 1795, 1796 and AF (dates).
K: Gladys verch Lleuver Mawr.

Gladys married Cadvan Of CAMBRIA Prince Of Wales -[57040] [MRIN:33811] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001537659360. PARAR -[59595],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of KERIBIR -[59596], died on an unknown date.

PARAR married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829680 i. Llyr Llediath Of COLCHESTER -[59594] (died on an unknown date)

528001537659388. Licinius Of ROME-[28619] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born about 275.

Licinius married Constantina Of ROME -[59590] [MRIN:16058] in 303 ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768829694 i. Licinianus Of ROME -[48734] (born about 304 - died before 364)

528001537659389. Constantina Of ROME-[59590],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius) Emperor Of ROME -[50674] and Theodora Of ROME -[35463], was born about 280.

Constantina married Licinius Of ROME -[28619] [MRIN:16058] in 303 ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001537835008. Gwrst Ledlwm Ap CENEU-[53589],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 ^,32 son of Ceneu (Cynan) Ap Coel GODEBOG -[53578].

Gwrst married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768917504 i. Meirchion (Meirchiawn) Gul Ap GWRST -[53598] (born about 438 - died about 535)

528001537835010. Culwynedd PRYDAIN-[57675] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24.^,32

Culwynedd married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000768917505 i. Essylt (Isold) Verch Culvynyd PRYDA -[57674] (born about 440)

528001538195456. Mairchiongul Ap GORWST LEDLUM-[37012],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Gorwst Ledlum Ap KENAW -[37013], was born about 560 and died.

Mairchiongul married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000769097728 i. Ller Merini Ap MERICHIONGUL -[37011] (born about 590 - died)

528001636769856. Asparukh Khan Of The BULGARS-[27648],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Kubrat, 1St Khan Of BULGARIA -[27649], was born about 618 in Eastern Bulgaria and died in 701 in Eastern Bulgaria at age 83.

General Notes: History has not been generous in terms of written evidence aboutAsparoukh. Old chronicles simply mention the son of Khan Kubrat whoacquired experience in politics and statesmanship in Great Bulgaria. Whenthe state disintegrated under pressure from the Khazars, he and hisbrothers resumed their nomadic life, rocked by the waves of migration andmilitary clashes.

It is not known for certain where Asparoukh's horsemen rode beforecrossing the Danubian delta and settling in the Ongul area (SouthernBessarabia). It is impossible to guess what made the leader head south tothe lands of mighty Byzantium. Yet in 680, while alighting from hishorse, he knew his tribe was to settle there at last.

We can only judge Asparukh by what we know of his deeds. In the 10thcentury the Khazar ruler Joseph left a written statement that thegreatest part of the Bulgars had followed Asparukh. The Name List ofBulgarian Khans says clearly that the state Asparukh founded was thedirect and the single successor to Khan Kubrat's Great Bulgaria.

The young chief and his horde sought to establish the permanent unifiedstate that Great Bulgaria had failed to become. It was in union with theSlavic tribes south of the Danube that they would succeed.

For about a century the Slavic tribes had been roaming the Byzantinelands, their burning and destruction paving the way for the founding ofthe future state. Their closeness to the Byzantine strongholds posed aserious threat to the empire. They set up large tribal alliances, amongwhich the seven Slavic tribes and the Severians, inhabiting the landsbetween the Danube and the Balkan range, were the most powerful. Theywere just a step away from statehood. They were to make that lasthistoric step together with Asparukh's Bulgars.

At the end of the 670s Asparoukh made an alliance with the Slavic tribesto fight against Byzantium. In 680 he defeated the Byzantine army andswiftly moved from the Danubian delta down to the Balkan range. And thusAsparukh founded a state of Slavs and Bulgars, binding his tribe with thetribal alliance of the seven Slavic tribes and the Severians.

In 681 Khan Asparukh invaded Thrace, seizing fortresses and towns. As theByzantines were unable to stop him, Emperor Constantine IV Pogonatus wascompelled to sue for peace, thus recognizing the new state to which hewas to pay annual tribute. Pliska, a city in today's Central Bulgaria,became the first capital of the new state.

Asparukh realized that as the new state was an alliance of tribes, itcould not be established in one fell swoop but would have to be builtover the course of several generations. The Slavs and the Bulgarsretained their self-government and the territorial autonomy of theirtribes. It is telling that in the historical sources from the end of the7th to the beginning of the 10th century the new state is referred to asa Slav-Bulgar state.

The Khan was in charge of foreign political affairs and commander of thearmy in times of war. The Slavs defended the northwestern border to theCarpathians against frequent attacks by the Avars. To the east the BlackSea coast was the natural borderline.

The Bulgars undertook the defence of the northern borders against theKhazar invasions, far beyond the Danube. The southern border along theridge of the Balkan range all the way to the Timok river was guardedagainst the Byzantine threat by the combined efforts of Bulgars andSlavs.

The Thracians who had inhabited these lands before the invasion of Slavsand Bulgars were also incorporated into the new state.

Asparukh was a daring leader who embodied the skills of politician andstatesman, diplomat and warrior. Time taught him skills very few leadersof his rank possessed. In a century when rulers cut their way into thefuture with their swords, Asparukh held out his hand to the Slavs andoffered them peace, a move which proved essential to the survival of thenew state.

The swift victory of the new state is indicative of the fact that thecombined efforts of Bulgars and Slavs made them much less vulnerable.Asparukh kept an ardent watch over the alliance and severely punished anyviolation of it. A tireless builder and a just arbitrator, he was theperfect leader of an emerging state in times when only God knows whetherpeaceful construction or military power would have better safeguarded itssurvival. This first ruler of Bulgaria died in 700 in one of the manybattles in defense of the new state.

Asparukh married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000818384928 i. Terval, Caesar Of BULGARIA -[27647] (born about 675 in Eastern Bulgaria - died after 718 in Eastern Bulgaria)

528001636769858. Justinian II "Cut Nose" Emperor Of BYZANTIUM-[57129],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Konstantinos Iv, Emperor Of BYZANTIUM -[57132] and Anastasia -[57130], was born in 668 and died in 711 in Killed By Elias, Who Sent His Head To Ravenna And Rome For Display at age 43.

Cut married Eudocia -[57128] [MRIN:15082] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000818384929 i. Princess Of BYZANTIUM -[27643] (born about 687 - died)

528001636769859. Eudocia -[57128] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born abat 668 and died before 695.

Eudocia married Justinian II "Cut Nose" Emperor Of BYZANTIUM -[57129] [MRIN:15082] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001636770816. Varaz-Tirots II Bagratid, Prince Of ARMENIA-[54885],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Smbat IV BAGRATID Prince Of Armenia -[57123], was born about 600 and died in 645 at age 45.

Varaz-Tirots married ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000818385408 i. Smbat V Bagratid, Prince Of ARMENIA -[54883] (born about 625 - died in 711)

528001636770832. Hamazasp III MAMAKONIAN Viceroy Of Armenia-[57427],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Dawith MAMAKONIAN Prince Of Taron -[57564], was born in 610 and died in 658 in Armenia at age 48.

Hamazasp married Nn. Of RSHTOUNI -[27481] [MRIN:14934] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

528001636770833. Nn. Of RSHTOUNI-[27481],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 daughter of Theodore I RSHTOUNI -[27482].

Nn. married Hamazasp III MAMAKONIAN Viceroy Of Armenia -[57427] [MRIN:14934] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

528001653670912. Mu'awiya Ibn HISHAM-[35439],³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 son of Hisham I Of DAMASCUS Omayad Caliph -[34052], was born from 705 to 715 and died about 736 at age 31.

Mu'awiya married Berber RAHA -[35441] [MRIN:20636] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24

Marriage Notes: 2 _PREF Y

The child from this marriage was:

264000826835456 i. Abd I Ar-Rahman AL-DAKHHIL Emir Of Cordova -[34051] (born about 731 - died in 788)

528001653670913. Berber RAHA-[35441] ³ ^,8 ^,9 ^,24 was born in 707 and died.

Berber married Mu'awiya Ibn HISHAM -[35439] [MRIN:20636] ³ ^,8 ^,9.^,24 This Web Site Is The Genealogy Chart Going Back To ADAM and EVE And The Ancestry Of About 6 Of the Original 1620 Plymouth Colony Residents. Cooke, Pope, Warren, Soule, Alden, Mullins, Cobb, Perry, ...ETC...

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